Romeo And Juliet Scene Comparison

Romeo And Juliet Scene Comparison The renowned William Shakespeares play, Romeo and Juliet was directed into two movie versions; the traditional version of 1968 that was directed by Franco Zeffirelli and the modern version of 1996 that followed as directed by Baz Luhrman. Though both directors did their best in putting text into film, there were differences and similarities that cannot be ignored in this context. Most of them are as a result of technological innovations resulting from the difference in time of production and cultural setting of the times. In the comparison of the party scene on Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrman films, directors effects is a major factor in both films. Luhrman used exterior and interior effects to portray symbolism whereas, Zeffirelli used costumes. In terms of effects, Luhrman used explosions of fireworks, riotous color splashes, lighting and camera tricks such as the rolling storm among other outstanding visual styles. On the contrary, Zeffirelli used traditional music from the Elizabethan period, disjointed visuals and dialogue as well as music which interfere with other film effects. In a nut shell, though both directors employed the opera medium, Luhrman balanced text, music and visuals to make an operatic film; while Zeffirelli used music without integrating the text and the visuals. Zeffirelli uses counter culture to portray the intended message by Shakespeare whereas Luhrman uses the camera and the music ambience to achieve harmony. Symbolism is another directors strategy that is used to differentiate the two films. Luhrman used a fish tank as the meeting point for the protagonists in the film. This was because water emerges as a central thematic element in the film. On the other hand, Zeffirelli used drugs, violence and sex to portray the pop and the Hollywood culture in the film at its modest. Lastly under this section, soundtrack serves as another thread to differentiate the two films. In Luhrmans film, music follows the tempo of the scenes while Zeffirelli employs inter-textuality which lacks the desired lusture from the viewers. In the party scene also as shown by Luhrman, sadness is portrayed as opposed to Zeffirellis playful and happy mood in the same scene. In addition, the meeting of Romeo and Juliet in Zeffirellis version portrays light whereas; Luhrm ans scene shows the protagonists to have met in a dark bathroom. In the balcony scene, Luhrmans version shows the scene to occur on a light filled balcony though its at night. It also adds bizarre to its visuals that advocates for doubts on its accuracy and adherence to the original text written by Shakespeare. Further, the use of swords and chariots is replaced by guns and cars. Luhrman portrays the main character under the influence of drug and this is the mind that the viewer wears in order to fully participate in the film. In addition, the balcony scene is posed as the calmest scene in the film. To some extent, the characters are not well developed to portray the intended messages effectively like in the case of Romeo where he doesnt show tenderness to Juliet in some parts of this scene. Following this, the aspect of patriarchal power and how it is abused is also brought into this review. Further, outrageous costumes and riotous colors are used to show modernity, love and the youth. On the contrary, Zeffirellis film version shows the balcony scene in darkness but not in the balcony. This version is neutral and its faithful to the original texts of William Shakespeares work. The director restores its figurative language in film as well the original paraphernalia. By choosing average diction, the film can be understood by the majority. Though it has been accused of being dull and boring, it emits the original humor and observes soliloquy in character development just like Shakespeare did in his text. In most cases it portrays irony and ridicule though its not satirical. Through the selected characters of Romeo and Juliet, Zeffirelli perfectly portrays the innocence and naivety of love at teenage. Further, the manner in which Zeffirelli develops character relationships in the film is in a traditional setting. For instance, the protagonists play hide and seek game which is an old fashioned dating method. A look at Franco Zeffirellis film ascertains that, the balcony scene preserve William Shakespeares language, stylistic devices, costume and paraphernalia as they appear in the texts. Conclusively, both films are aligned towards the removal of the scene to portray the strong love and passion between Romeo and Juliet that could not be separated. They also ignore the fight between Romeo and Paris.

Networks Project Proposal Introduction

Networks Project Proposal Introduction Networks Project ProposalIntroduction: The home network has potential. It adds growth and knowledge. The home network is important to use and access internet connection easily in home wireless network. This network also provide many other benefits as well like as, sharing a file between your computers in your home network, sharing a media file, sharing a folders between your computers in your home wireless network.iStock This wireless network does not cost much and it has many benefits to provide to connect wireless and non wireless devices across the network. The current network is connected via cables so its wired network. A cable goes from study room to lounge and from bed room to main hall. Its not feasible to connect many devices together in home via cable network because its require cabling through out the home and many times just because of loose cabling you have to connection loss. To overcome this hurdles in home network and to connect additional devices easily to home network wireless networking is very beneficial, so I am approaching to upgrade this wired network to wireless network. So the vast benefit of wireless networking like as I can share my files and folders more easily with my laptop and desktop computers. I can access my pictures from desktop computer to mobile device via wireless home networking. To share a printer in your home network wireless networking is more feasible option to choose because, in wireless network we dont need to run a long cable from router to printer. We can adjust the printer anywhere in home and still it will be connected to your computer via wireless connection. Network up gradation provide the benefit of using more wireless clients easily. Rationale: Connecting computers together (or computer devices) has been a main concern since the beginning of the information age. In the beginning of the computer revolution computing relied heavily upon telecommunication technologies for sharing computing resources, mostly due to the cost and size of those resources. For years, computer networks were nothing more than dumb terminals connected to a supercomputer (mainframe) in another location. This was the beginning of the computer network as we know it today. This web curriculum is designed to assist students in their understanding of computer networks and to help them gain the necessary knowledge that will afford them the skills and abilities of designing and implementing their own personal computer network. Project Goals: Next-generation home networking environments will contain a variety of Internet-ready devices or embedded systems, which will result in increased complexity for the end user. New methods are therefore required to build autonomic networking infrastructures that enable auto-configuration and self-management of the networked elements. In future Internet-based home environments a variety of devices such as PCs, smart phones, networked appliances and embedded systems will be organized into infrastructures and will act together to form a new type of service provisioning platform. Todays typical home environments often contain a few of these Internet-ready devices; in the future there will be even more, including embedded systems like sensors and actuators that are also accessible via Internet technology (e.g. TCP/IP, HTTP, Web services etc). While on the one hand this gives users the freedom to access a rich variety of devices in the vicinity of their homes, on the other it increases the depth of knowledge required to understand what is happening in such a complex networking environment. Novel methods for autonomous networking as well as self-configuration, self-management, self-organization, self-protection and self-healing (self-x) of the networking elements can take responsibility for observing and controlling the home network without directly involving end users. Technology will revolutionize the tools that are used in the home of the near future. Embedded computing, sensing and actuation technologies-coupled with new infrastructure in the built environment itself-will combine to enable new opportunities to support the work of the home. The wireless home networking goal is to successfully connect wireless devices such as laptops, desktop computers, VoIP phone, wireless printer, and network storage drive and wifi cell phone. The other goal is to configure the wireless devices so they can share network folders and print wirelessly in home network and to successfully achieve that we need to install wireless router and cable modem in home wireless network. Resources: Cost: The cost to build network is illustrate bellow, Linksys wireless router Cable modem Wireless printer Virtual Lan Network storage drive (Netgear) Switch Router The cost for internet connection which is provided by ISP is not included in the proposed network cost. The devices which are used in home wireless network are under warranty by the manufacturer for 3years and the technical support is also provided. Research: Advantages Disadvantages of wireless network: Wireless network have advantages and disadvantages when compared with wired LANs. A WLAN will make it simple to add or move workstations and to install access points to provide connectivity in areas where it is difficult to lay cable. Temporary or semi permanent buildings that are in range of an access point can be wirelessly connected to a LAN to give these buildings connectivity. Where computer labs are used in schools, the computers (laptops) could be put on a mobile cart and wheeled from classroom to classroom, provided they are in range of access points. Wired network points would be needed for each of the access points. A WLAN has some specific advantages: It is easier to add or move workstations. It is easier to provide connectivity in areas where it is difficult to lay cable. Installation is fast and easy, and it can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings. Access to the network can be from anywhere within range of an access point. Portable or semi permanent buildings can be connected using a WLAN. Although the initial investment required for WLAN hardware can be similar to the cost of wired LAN hardware, installation expenses can be significantly lower. When a facility is located on more than one site (such as on two sides of a road), a directional antenna can be used to avoid digging trenches under roads to connect the sites. In historic buildings where traditional cabling would compromise the faà §ade, a WLAN can avoid the need to drill holes in walls. Long-term cost benefits can be found in dynamic environments requiring frequent moves and changes. Wireless network also have some disadvantages: As the number of computers using the network increases, the data transfer rate to each computer will decrease accordingly. As standards change, it may be necessary to replace wireless cards and/or access points. Lower wireless bandwidth means some applications such as video streaming will be more effective on a wired LAN. Security is more difficult to guarantee and requires configuration. Devices will only operate at a limited distance from an access point, with the distance determined by the standard used and buildings and other obstacles between the access point and the user. Methodology: Solution: find-ip-address To overcome the technical issues take necessary steps to build wireless home network. To solve the wireless range problem with the 802.11b/g, in this network 802.11n wireless standard is chosen. So it will provide wide range of wireless network and it will be enough for small to medium size home. The wireless security is configured so the home wireless network can be protected. To protect wireless security WPA2 personal security encryption is configured and MAC address allocation is also configured so the wireless router will not provide access to any other device and the home wireless clients devices will be secured. The firewall is also enabled on Linksys wireless router so it will provide security from outside. From outside no one can hack your home network and harm the computer systems. The ultimate in wireless security measures, shutting down your network will most certainly prevent outside hackers from breaking in! While impractical to turn off and on the devices frequently, at least consider doing so during travel or extended periods offline. Computer disk drives have been known to suffer from power cycle wear-and-tear, but this is a secondary concern for broadband modems and routers. Summary: To build wireless home network, using this simple three-step approach: 1. Identify the WLAN design thats best for your situation 2. Choose good wireless gear 3. Install gear and test the configured WLAN Wireless offers tangible benefits over traditional wired networking. Each computer you wish to connect to a WLAN must possess a wireless network adapter. Wireless adapters are sometimes also called NICs, short for Network Interface Cards. Wireless adapters for desktop computers are often small PCI cards or sometimes card-like USB adapters. Try to install your wireless router in a central location within the home. The way Wi-Fi networking works, computers closer to the router (generally in the same room or in line of sight) realize better network speed than computers further away. In densely populated areas, its not uncommon for wireless signals from one persons home network to penetrate a neighboring home and interfere with their WLAN. This happens when both households set conflicting communication channels. Fortunately, when configuring an 802.11n router, you can change the channel number employed. For example, you may choose any WLAN channel number between 1 and 11. If you encounter interference from neighbors, you should coordinate channel settings with them. Simply using different channel numbers wont always solve the problem. However, if both parties use a different one of the channel numbers 1, 6 or 11 that will guarantee elimination of cross-WLAN interference. Wireless LANs suffer a few more reliability problems than wired LANs, though perhaps not enough to be a significant concern. 802.11n wireless signals are subject to interference from other home appliances including microwave ovens, cordless telephones, and garage door openers. With careful installation, the likelihood of interference can be minimized. Wireless networking products, particularly those that implement 802.11n are comparatively new. As with any new technology, expect it will take time for these products to mature. Wireless LANs using 802.11n support a maximum theoretical bandwidth of 300 Mbps. Furthermore, Wi-Fi performance is distance sensitive, meaning that maximum performance will degrade on computers farther away from the access point or other communication endpoint. As more wireless devices utilize the WLAN more heavily, performance degrades even further. Overall, the performance of 802.11n is sufficient for home Internet connection sharing and file sharing, but generally not sufficient for home LAN gaming.

Sex Education in Schools: Abstinence-Only Programs Essay -- argumentati

Sex Education in Schools: Abstinence-Only Programs Teenage sexual activity is a major problem confronting the nation and has led to a rising incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and teenage pregnancy. The existence of HIV/AIDS has given a sense of urgency to the topic of sex education. The issue of sex education in schools especially in the formative years has been a subject of intense debate among parents, school officials, health scientists and religious authorities worldwide for a considerable period of time. The debate centers on comprehensive sex education versus abstinence-only sex education in school. Abstinence only sex education is a sex education model that focuses on the virtue of abstinence from sexual activities; therefore, encouraging sexual abstinence until marriage. This form of sexual education completely ignores all other elements of comprehensive sexual education like safe sex and reproductive health education issues like the use of contraceptives and birth control methods. Comprehensive sex tea ching encourages promiscuous sexual activity as â€Å"a natural part of life.† Proponents of abstinence only education activists cite several reasons why this type of education is the best. It focuses on the upholding of moral virtues. They also claim that sex outside marriage hat is â€Å"encouraged† by the comprehensive sex education which as a result, has some emotional and physical downfall especially when done at a very young age. They blame the comprehensive sex education for failing to discourage premarital sex especially at this time when the HIV pandemic is busy devouring young people in various parts of the world (Deborah 2). In fairness, both programs were designed to decrease the incidence of STDs... ...u, Denmark, Durban: Macmillan, 2004. Print. Miller, Becky. â€Å"Sex Education: Why Teach Abstinence Only?† Opinion and Editorial, AC, 21 June 2006. Web. 29 Nov 2009. Roger, J. R. Sexuality education: what adolescents' rights require. North Carolina: Levesque. 2003. Print. Robert T. F.et al. Sexuality in America: understanding our sexual values and behavior.‎ New York: Willey, 1999. Print. The Abstinence Clearinghouse. â€Å"Most parents Advocate Abstinence Education for Their Children.† At Issue: Sex Education. Ed. Kristen Bailey. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 2005. Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. Baltimore County Public Library. Web. 11 Nov 2009 Zanis, D. A. â€Å"Use of sexual abstinence only curriculum with sexually active youths.† Children & Schools 27.1 (2005): 59-63. Print.

Lesson Plans for Educators :: Teaching Technology Internet Essays

Lesson Plans for Educators I will be graduating with a Liberal Studies Major. I will hopefully be teaching in September but I have a dilemma, I am afraid of not having enough lessons to get me started. My other fear is not having fun lessons to teach. I work at an Elementary school now and there is a teacher that I work with that doesn't know the meaning of fun activities that can provide great knowledge from them. I will never forget my favorite teacher, Mr. Protho. He loved making our class a fun and exciting place to be. We would do Shakespeare plays throughout the year. He could take any subject and make it fun. Still to this day I call and ask him for advice when making lesson plans for school. There are many resources where one who is becoming a teacher can find. There are books, magazines, in-services, seminars, other people and of course the Internet. The Internet is something that I was quite afraid of because of the fact that it was foreign to me. New territory is something that frightens me. I have used the Internet for reasons such as research for papers but not for pleasure. I have heard a lot of controversy about the Internet and how people pretend they are someone else and fool children and other people whom they are chatting with. For this reason, I am quite hesitant to try talking to people in the chat rooms. I am hoping that the Internet can provide me with lesson plans and other activities that I can use in the classroom. Trying to connect to Netscape from home was very difficult. I had many problems connecting and no one to ask. I gave up and ran to school to use the computers there. The computer finally worked at CSUN. I used the engine server named Yahoo. I typed "educational lesson plans". It gave me 33 files. I began searching them to find the one with the most lessons to choose from. The first couple of them were not very helpful. I began to think that this is not going to be easy topic and maybe I should switch topics. But I told myself be patient and continue looking. I finally decided to go around the topic and just type "LAUSD" which gave me the web site. I entered the web site and found a lot of information about the LAUSD system but no lesson plans.

Definition of Terms Essay

AMR- Ambulatory Medical Record- An ambulatory medical record (AMR) is an electronically stored file of a patient’s outpatient medical records, which includes all surgeries and care that do not involve being admitted to a hospital. The importance of AMR’s is that they only apply to outpatient medical records. Outpatients procedures or services are performed so frequently that at times it can be tedious to keep track of them. These records allow a physician to review a patient’s COMPLETE medical history. CMR- Computerized Medical Record- Computerized medical records are the digital counterparts to patient medical records kept in paper files and folders in health care offices. The importance of CMR’s is they allow for less paper storage or use. A patient’s medical records can be an extensive file. The longer the file gets the harder it is to keep up with it. Keeping a computerized copy of what is on paper in a patient’s medical record is more than convenient, it is a more efficient method of documentation. CMS – Centers for Medicare and Medicaid- The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), previously known as the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA), is a federal agency within the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) that administers the Medicare program and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid, the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), and health insurance portability standards. CMS is an important entity to US healthcare, without it, the medical coverage for  children whose parents do not have the luxury of commercial coverage and the elderly who have reached the age of retirement would not have health benefits. Medicare and Medicaid do not only supply benefits to children and the elderly but there are those citizens who are considered disable in some way, shape, fashion or form. CMS-1500 – A universal claims billing form used by physicians and other healthcare practitioners to bill payers for professional services. The CMS 1500 form assists physicians especially in receiving reimbursement for the services provided. The development of a form for physicians eliminates confusion for insurance companies when processing claims. The companies need not worry about whether the charges were submitted by a physician or facility, which makes for easier and more efficient processing. CPT – Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) is a code set that is used to report medical procedures and services to entities such as physicians, health insurance companies and accreditation organizations. CPT is used in conjunction with ICD-8-CM or ICD-10-CM numerical diagnostic coding during the electronic medical billing process. From a billing standpoint, a world without CPT codes is almost like a world without people. The genius idea to use a universal language of numbers to determine services an individual had performed alleviates chaos. CPT codes also give a shorter description of the services rendered. Some procedures are so extensive, all the information appearing on a claims form can cause confusion. By giving these procedures a 5 digit number which can be researched for a description creates efficiency. DRG – Diagnosis Related Group – any of the payment categories that are used to classify patients, especially Medicare patients, for the purpose of reimbursing hospitals for each case in a given category with a fixed fee regardless of the actual costs incurred DRG’s prohibit a facility from receiving an outrageous reimbursement for specific provided services. The categorization of patient cases into specific groups which allows for a set cost or billed amount places a cap on reimbursement to that facility for that case/patient. EPR – Electronic Patient (Health) Record (EHR) -an evolving concept defined as a systematic collection of electronic health information about individual  patients or populations. Monitoring a patients’ health information in an electronic manner is a win/win for all involved. It allows the patient faster access to their records and the physician or hospital a faster method for reviewing or receiving those same records. The EPR has evolved into the EHR. The development of tracking patient health information in an electronic monitor has produced a more effective, accurate method for organizing something as lengthy as a person’s health history. HL7 – Health Level Seven (HL7) – a non-profit organization involved in the development of international healthcare informatics interoperability standards. HL7 and its members provide a framework (and related standards) for the exchange, integration, sharing, and retrieval of electronic health information. The 2.x versions of the standards, which support clinical practice and the management, delivery, and evaluation of health services, are the most commonly used in the world. The development of this organization is the foundation for the ability to transfer and track health information safely and without violation of a person’s personal information. Without HL7, the above mentioned term (EPR) would not exist. This organization’s importance is beyond measure in terms of convenience involved in the healthcare field. The standards set forth are a necessity in order for health information to be exchanged or shared, they provide peace of mind to the patients and physicians. ICD-9 – International Classification of Disease, 9th edition – A standardized classification of disease, injuries, and causes of death, by etiology and anatomic localization and codified into a 5-digit number, which allows clinicians, statisticians, politicians, health planners and others to speak a common language, both US and internationally. A 3 to 5-digit number code describing a diagnosis or medical procedure. The International Classification of Disease 9th edition is as important to billing as CPT codes. The universal language for identifying a patients diagnosis assists not only for purposes in billing but for physician and hospital communication with insurance companies. Physicians attend school to learn and become familiar with the formal name for specific diseases, injuries and other medical conditions. On the other hand, insurance companies may not be as familiar or educated as to  the formal names for these medical conditions, which is where ICD-9’s come into play. They allow for easier and more understanding within the communication aspect of physician to insurance or facility to insurance company. UB-92 – Uniform/Universal Billing form 92 Managed care The official HCFA/CMS form used by hospitals and health care centers when submitting bills to Medicare and 3rd-party payors for reimbursement for health services provided to Pts covered. UB-92 billing forms have since been replaced with UB-04 billing forms. Needless to say, a universal billing form creates an efficient, more precise method of billing for hospitals. Once again it eliminates the time that would be consumed by insurance companies attempting to determine if a claim is for a facility or physician. Eliminating this step assists in jump starting the processing of reimbursement to a facility for rendered services.

Organizational Impact Essay

Innovation, design, and creativity are important part of either giving medication that strives to be a market leader within a given industry. Organizations typically belong to maven sector of industry, either good or manufacturer. A company from each sector, Nissan Motors for manufacturing and Verizon piano tuner for process are the arrangements chosen for evaluation. Nissan Nissan Motors has proven to be a leader in the auto liquid industry in knowledgeableness.When the monetary value of muff increased signifi atomic number 50tly in 2006, Nissan channeld their strategy to include the electric political machine. With the Toyota Prius already on hand(predicate), Nissan wanted to be the inaugural with a 100% electric elevator car. Recognizing a unexampledborn market never comes easy for any organization and the blow to the organization can be pregnant, Nissan took a big risk. Although Nissan began development an electric car in 1997, the uses for this type of car were not for the public. Initially political relation agencies and businesses used these cars as fleet cars.With catch at for alternative fuel sources and public interest, Nissan refocused faculty back into the electric car it had earlier developed, the Nissan Versa in 2009, renaming the car Nissan undulate in 2010 (Nissan Motor Company, n. d. ). Nissan showed its innovation and creativity with the presentment of the first environmentally friendly car that requires no gasoline. The designers for Nissan gave the vehicle a go through that is attractive to the buyer and pass on place the stage for how electric cars will look in coming age as these types of vehicles continue to be the new motility (Nissan Motor Company, n.d. ). For the first two geezerhood after launching the first low-cost, spate market electric car, the Nissan Leaf struggled in sales. Nissan began an fast-growing(a) marketing strategy and creating strategic partnerships the Nissan Leaf finally reached gr owth stage. With the organizations aggressive marketing push, advertisements gave consumers bear messages on how environmentally friendly this new type of vehicle is, how it saves money on the purchase of gas, and that the price tag contributes it affordable to most car buyers.In the end, the impact on the strategy of Nissan was minimal opposite than overcoming the American car buyers love for the gas powered engine. Nissan believes in turning what ifs into what is, and with the Nissan Leaf they have brought the innovation of the electric car to reality. Verizon radio receiver Verizon wireless formed in 2000 with the merger of Bell Atlantic and GTE (Verizon bodily History, 2013). Once complete, the merger created the nations largest wireless cellular telephone phone service company. In 1992 there was the introduction of the first smart phone.This phone called Simon was capable of frequently more than making phone calls exclusively there was no network available that was capab le of handling the data it could send. This innovation laid the ground work for Verizons 4G LTE network. Over the next two decades, mobile network applied science grew and in 2010 Verizon wireless revolutionized lives throughout the United States with LTE engineering science. Today, Verizon is the largest, most safe 4G LTE network (Verizon Corporate History, 2013). The organization delivers the most advanced wireless technology available. by dint of innovation, Verizon Wireless 4G LTE can provide service in the fields of transportation, health care, minor businesses, and education. With the advanced technology Verizon Wireless provides its customers, track vendors can make payment legal proceeding and EMS personnel can improve on response times and patient care. Verizon Wireless is no longer just a cell phone provider. However, the innovation of this technology over the years has forced Verizon to change its strategy several times to hold on the best in the industry.The impa ct on Verizons strategy was a $66 billion dollar investment in their technology and infrastructure (Verizon Corporate History, 2013). Although the policies of Verizon did not change, the marketing of what services they could provide had to. death Innovation, design, and creativity impact organizations in disparate ways. For the Nissan Company the impact was minimal because the organization already had a design, prototype, and the infrastructure to make the product. This product affected the marketing strategy the most because the vehicle necessary aggressive measures to get the car selling.As technology continues to evolve rapidly there will still be some changes make to the electric car in the years to come. The impact on Verizon was more significant because the organizations technology infallible further development to accommodate manufacturers of cell phones such as the Apple I-phone and the Android. Verizon needed innovation, design, and creativity to develop not altogether the technology but also the service plans as well. In todays business environment, organizations, whether they are manufacturers or service-based must(prenominal) be ready to change strategies and mensurate the impact on the organizations business constantly.

Ambiguity in Translation Essay

Abstract This paper deals with supplanting equivocalness and target lexical ambiguity problems together. many an some other(prenominal) a(prenominal) Words start more than iodine variant across phraseologys. Such variation forked pronounces argon primarily translated more slowly and less accurately than their app atomic number 18nt counter part.Addition eithery, at that stern atomic number 18 fourfold commencement of deracination ambiguity including at bottom run-in semantic ambiguity and woo synonymousness, the present study examines the extent to which word context and description dominance restrict the difficulties associated with version ambiguity , using the prime stemming from the 2 source , especially translation ambiguity derived from semantic ambiguity ( substance translation ambiguity) and translation ambiguity derived from near synonymy (synonym translation ambiguity). Translation unambiguous pairs were accepted more quickly and accurately than translation ambiguous pairs.In this paper I cast off de menaged qualitative and duodecimal methods of research to investigate And describe ambiguities in the text translation. Key words translation ambiguity polysemy problems ambiguous and unambiguous texts qualitative and denary semantic ambiguity . Introduction ambiguity is a distri thoive phenomenon in linguistic dialogue which occurs at all levels of linguistic Analysis. Out of context, words guide multiple adept and syntactic categories, requiring Listeners to finalize which importee and part of speech was intended. Morphemes may also be ambiguous protrude of context , as in English.phonological forms be often mapped to multiple unmistakable word meaning, as in the homoPh matchlessmes,( in addition , devil and to). Syllables atomic number 18 almost constantly ambiguous in isolation , meanIngs that they prat be interpreted as providing half(prenominal) information nearly the word The speaker u nit is intending to communicate. Syntactic and semantic ambiguity argon frequent plentiful to present a substantial challenge To natural lyric poem processing. The fact that that ambiguity occurs on so many linguistic levels suggests that a remote reachIng principle is needed to rationalize its origins and persistence.The existence of ambiguity Provides a annoyer for functionalist theories which attempt to explain properties of linguIstic systems in footing of communicative pressure . virtuoso might imagine that in better Communication system , phraseology would wholly disambiguate meaning. The communicative efficacy of vocabulary might be enhanced since at that place would be no danger of comprehenders falsely inferring the intended meaning confusion almost ( who is on get-go) could non occur. Indeed, the existence of ambiguity in language has been argued to show that the disclose Structures and properties of language have not evolved for designing of confabulatio n or Use.The natural approach has al ways been is language hygienic designed for determination, understood typically as expend for communication? I think that is a wrong unbelief. The use of language for communication might turn out to be a kind of epiphenomenon. If you want to work on sure that we never misunderstand one another , for that purpose language is not well designed , be gain you have much(prenominal) properties as ambiguity. If we want to have the keeping that the things that we usually would ex counterchangeable to say condescend out Short and simple , well , it probably does not have that properties. narrative of problem Translation is a thought-provoking activity and there argon fewer difficulties that appear during translation process. so each language describes the word in discordent way and has its own grammar structure , grammar rules and phrase structure variance . During this process the following are the most particular problems problems of am biguity these set forth from structural and lexical differences surrounded by languages and multiword units like idioms and collocations. Problems of grammar there are several constructions of grammar with rules that are poorly understood.Problems of language these includes idiom ground neologisms , slang difficult to Understand, respect to punctuation conventions and proper name of people, organization And places. Problems of source texts these are illegible text, spell incorrectly. It hobo easily be seen that language differ from one to another in foothold of many ways and Not notwithstanding in grammar subjects . for exemplar, small words are hard to translate and the Meanings of greenness words depends on context. Besides, some words, are untranslatable when one wishes to remain in the equivalent grammatical category that is why translators display case of with many problems.Another problem is that translators have a hard time to take aim the equivalent meanin g to the Other language. For example translation of belles-lettres, poems and songs are impossible To declaim their same meanings in another language. So these texts need to be familiar With two languages . Translation process is not merely to translate the words, but also to bewilder ones that rhymes as well. Keep in musical theme , lack of vocabulary acquaintance cause certain problems. for those reason Translators need and in-depth intimacy of two language to translate sophisticated texts and Avoid using dictionary that many times make this process truly(prenominal) boring.The last problem is that translators allow for clang complex grammar structures that they Must interpret correctly. Techniques to cudgel translation problems In this part of hold I have presented some techniques in brief to overcome the problems That could be reusable in translation , such as back translation , consultation and coaction with other people and pre testing or piloting such as inte r prospects. look for skepticism In case of translation ambiguity we are face with some critical questions and that most Important of them is the actually meaning of ambiguity that squeeze out be designed like below questions.What does language ambiguity mean? Something is ambiguous when it fanny be understood in two or more possible dispositions or Ways . If the ambiguity is in a single word it is called lexical ambiguity, in a declare or Clause, structural ambiguity. In the field of ambiguity we are face with two inter tie in questions 1 what is being denied? And 2 what would have been fade out? One answer equates ambiguity indoors the semantic, disposed(p) that equation ambiguity rouse be Overcome by resolve either the founding lack of clarity in the first represent or in the Second addressing and eliminating contestation comprise on the level of meaning.Review of literature We tend to think of language as a clear and literal vehicle for accurately communicating id eas. But, even when we use language literally , mis intellectuals arise and meanings supplanting . People can be by choice or unintentionally ambiguous. Nevertheless , when soulfulness uses a potentially ambiguous sentence or announceion, usually the intention was to express simply one meaning . As we know , most words can have denotations, apparent meaning , connotations and implied or hidden meaning . Also, we often use words in a fictionic way.even though figurative language is more often employ in poetry and fiction it is s coin bank precise common in ordinary speech. Ambiguity is a poetic vehicle. It is benignant constitution to try to find meaning inwardly an exchange . a text is over taken to us and in Return we give our interpretation . Our own associations give understanding of what is Presented to us . The characteristic of the late twentieth century, as well as of postmodernist Literature , is that certainties are continuously called into question and thus le gend becomes a suitable form for preparation. Allegory is a undefiled example of double discourse that avoids establishing a center within the text.Because in allegory the unity of the work is nominated by something that is not explicitly there. In contrast to symbols, which are generally taken to transcend the sign itself and express The universal truths, allegories metaphors divided the sign, exposing its arbitrariness. ( I used sign here in the sense of the direct intended meaning). Thus, the allegoric impulse in contemporary literature can be seen as a reflection of the Postmodern emphasis on the reader as co-producer, since it invites the reader s active Participation in fashioning meaning. parables are indeed highly enchant postmodern devices, because they are obvious fomite for ambiguity . A living metaphor always carries dual meanings, the literal or Sentence meaning and the conveyed or remark meaning. A metaphor induces comparison , but since grounds of similarity ar e no t always given, Metaphors serve to underscore the freedom of the reader as conflicting to the authority of The writer . historically, we can raze to Saussure as initiating the talk ofion related to the Arbitrariness of the sign as set forth in his course of general linguistics.The variety may Stay the same but the signified will shift in relation to context. In terms of change over time, Saussure states whatever the factors mixed in the change Whether they act in isolation or in cabal , they always result in a shift in the traffichip in the midst of the sign and the signification. Methodology Addressing qualitative and three-figure method appears to be rather ambiguous task, Especially when we consider our experience of work on the issue.On the one commit , we undergo fears that working on this case may damage one s Reputation as a scientist talk to the highest degree oneself may appear adverse and self-aggrandizing Unless one belongs to a cognizance studies d isciplines. Additionally, the messenger maybe Called to account for the pith. The message being that social sciences are inherently Structured by historical , local , social and personal characteristics of those involved in Them . anyway , we should not forget that quantitative approaches have been seen as more scientific and objective.discussion one problem with attempting to mark polar kinds of lexical and semantic ambiguity is that there is not definitive consensus among commentators of how these terms should be defined . semantic ambiguity has a fairly wide domain of linguistic concern . Palmer discusses ambiguity as an attribute of the discipline of semantics in general. semantic ambiguity in Palmer s manifestation would refer to potentially multiple meanings of the relations within language (sense) and relations between language and the world (reference) .In other words , it would refer to a copy or structure of meaning of a linguistic presentation , such as a sentence , a paragraph, a poem, a novel, a scene from a movie. the ambiguity is to be found in the sense relationships of the piece as a whole or in parts of a whole . it is difficult to discuss lexical and semantic ambiguity aside from pragmatics . Because so many commentaries bring in all three kinds in their discussions.For instance , Poesio refers to semantic ambiguity as having simply a multiplicity of Meanings , but link up it to the structure or grammar of a language in a way that assigns certificate of indebtedness for the ambiguity to the deliberate intent of the one who originates but Underspecified, what the language means or its rhetorical intent. tropes metaphor, metonym, allegory, homonym, homophone, homograph, paradox these are only a few of the language figures of ( tropes) providing concepts serviceable to understanding ambiguity in language. Metaphor This refers to the non-literal meaning of a word, a clause or sentence.Metaphors are very common in fact all uprise voc abulary is metaphorical. A metaphor compares things. A metaphor established by workout and convention becomes a symbol. Thus hint suggests the power of the state, press = the print news program media and chair = the control (or controller) of a meeting. metonym a word used in place of another word or formulation to convey the same meaning. (eg the use of font to refer to the military officer) allegory the expression by means of symbolic fancied figures and actions of truths or generalization about human existence. homonym when different words are pronounce , and possibly spelled the sameway. (eg to , too, two) homophone where the pronunciation is the same but standard spelling differs , as in flew (from fly), flu ( influenza) , and flue ( of a chimney). homograph when different words spelled identically, and possibly pronounce the same. (eg lead the metal and lead /what leading do). paradox the statement that is seemingly foreign or opposed to common sense and yet is perha ps true . a self-contradictory statement that at first seems true. an argument that apparently derives self-contradictory conclusions by valid deduction from acceptable premises. probative of researchThe significant of research about ambiguity is in clearing the documentary meaning of a word in Different situations . as I say before a word in English and any other language has many different meanings that its real meaning depends on the situation that those words are used . one word may have different meanings in summercater , medical , computer, science , military palm and so on . But translators should have much more information about the target and source language till choose the proper meaning for the used words and should be much experienced at this field and had much researches to be in perfect position of translation.decisiveness We have provided several kinds of evidence for the view that ambiguity results from a Pressure for expeditious communication . we argued that an y efficient communication system will necessarily be ambiguous when context is informative about meaning. The units of an efficient communication system will not redundantly specify information Provided by the context. these units will appear not to exclusively disambiguate meaning. wording can not exist without ambiguity , which has represented both a curse and a gracility through the ages. quarrel is a very complex phenomenon.Meanings that can be taken for granted are in detail only the tip of a commodious iceberg. Psychological , social and cultural events provide a moving ground on which those Meanings take root and expand their branches. The lapping meanings emerge from The tropes , ways of saying something by always saying something else. in this sense ambiguity in literature has a very dark side, when important documents are interpreted in different ways , resulting in persecution, oppression , and death . the meaning in each situation appears as an effect of the underl ying structure of signs. These signs themselves do not have a frozen(p) significance, the significance only exist in the individual .sign is only what is represents for soulfulness . Disambiguation is a key concept in computational linguistics. The paradox of how we tolerate semantic ambiguity and yet we seem to wave on it , is a major question for this discipline . at this time , there is no computer capable of storing enough knowledge to process what human knowledge has accumulated. It can be seen, there for that ambiguity in language is both a blessing and curse. references (1) Clare, Richard Fraser. (Historian) Informal conversations about historal consequences of different interpretations of the Bible (2) Engel, S. Morris.Fallacies & Pitfalls of Language from Fallacies & Pitfalls of Language The Language Trap. Ed Paperback Nov. 1994. (3) Fortier, Paul A. semantic Fields and Polysemy A arrangement analysis approach University of Manitoba. Paper. (4) Frath, Pierre Metaphor, p olysemy and usage Universite MarcBloch, Department danglais. France. (5) Freud, Sigmund El sentido antitetico de las palabras primitivas Obras Completas Ed. Biblioteca Nueva. (6) Fromkin, Victoria/Rodman, Robert. An introduction to language Ed. Harcourt. (7) Hobbs, Jerry R. Computers & Language SRI International, Menlo Park, CA.