Reading assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perusing - Assignment Example While some help the restricting of sex guilty parties from SN locales, this paper takes the position that these are private elements and the administration has no organizations intruding in their undertakings. What's more, court choices forbidding sex offenders’ participation in these locales encroach on their First Amendment rights and opportunities (Wynton, p. 1878). Such patterns in the legal executive are probably going to prompt previous offenders’ rights to speak freely being controlled in comparable way. Thus, U.S. citizens’ rights to speak freely and affiliation will be encroached. There are a lot of approaches and practices that powerless SN site individuals may uphold to guarantee the nearness of sex wrongdoers in these locales doesn't jeopardize their lives. The Government ought not Regulate SN Membership At the bleeding edge in prohibiting sex guilty parties from SN locales are the administrative courts with, purportedly, numerous law courts restricti ng sex wrongdoers from the web by means of SN destinations as a prerequisite for directed discharge or probation (Wynton, p. 1861). In today’s SN destinations, individuals post and offer a considerable amount of individual data. Because of the private idea of this information, the administration pulls out all the stops in its drive to shield powerless individuals from hurt exuding from crooks and previous wrongdoers who might need to utilize such information to hurt others (Wynton, p. 1877). Along these lines, limiting participation is a by which the administration tries to shield people from dangers to lives and individual protection found in the online world. In any case, given that interpersonal organization destinations are private elements and individuals join at their will, it is basic that individuals assume the liability to ensure their security and wellbeing without the administration confining the enrollment of others. With this impact, there are a few individual te chniques that individuals can actualize to guarantee they don't succumb to sex guilty parties and different lawbreakers. For the most part focused by sex guilty parties are youngsters or the adolescent who should then actualize a few, if not the entirety of the accompanying practices. In the first place, true judgment is the best strategy to assist one with abstaining from being a casualty of sex guilty parties on SN destinations, virtual universes, and online journals and graph rooms. In such manner, the clients ought not share a great deal of private data or post numerous photographs, recordings, and remarks as these might be utilized by a wrongdoer to target them, hurt their sentiments, and notoriety. In addition, reminding clients that their activities online have outcomes, the legislature and guardians should tell clients that what they offer ought to be restricted. Fundamentally, online habits ought to be underlined. Specialists ought to likewise converse with clients about th eir exercises on the web. Actually, for small kids, it is important that guardians limit access to the locales and their kid’s profiles. Clients ought to likewise not imitate others in their online exercises as this may make them to be focused by sex wrongdoers. Albeit a child’s site may have confined access and exceptionally set security, a more extensive crowd than the guardians gets to the profile. Consequently, kids and different clients ought to be urged to consider the language they utilize on the web and the recordings and pictures posted. Partners such mentors, educators, businesses, school affirmations officials, and the police ought to likewise be associated with children’s and the youth’s SN profiles and correspondence. Every one of these partners should converse with

Religions (two traditions) and the Modern World Essay

Religions (two conventions) and the Modern World - Essay Example Be that as it may, practically all religions search for the spread of harmony, equity, fairness and opportunity of thought and activity for the food of request on the planet, just as for the good and otherworldly inspire of the people. Abrahamic religions appreciate truly good status among the considerable rundown of winning beliefs, which incorporate Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Since all these three religions view Abraham as their predecessor and the wellspring of otherworldly direction and motivation, they are for the most part called Abrahamic beliefs. (Hemeyer, 222) The basic arrangement of conviction, idea of the Creator, His blessed messengers, prophets and paradise and damnation fire and so on are practically same in these religions, which recognize them from the rests of the beliefs of the world. Judaism is the most seasoned of these three beliefs, while Islam is the last one among the three. Islam is the second biggest religion of the current world, which looks for its starting point in the Middle East like its forerunner Abrahamic religions. It has its remarkable philosophy, lessons, techniques and habits of love and essential arrangement of conviction. Being the monotheistic confidence, Islam passionately lays worry after revering of One God, the Creator and Sustainer of the whole universe and each and everything existing in it. (Hemeyer, 224) Since God has made people for His love, announcing different divine beings as like Allah just as deserving of worship is the best sin as per Islamic idea. Islamic lessons order the devotees of the religion to have unabated and unqualified faith in the Oneness of God, and adoring the Holy Prophet Muhammad (harmony arrive) as the Seal of the considerable number of prophets sent by the Lord over and over for the direction and government assistance of humankind. Thus, faith in the Oneness of God, going to God five times each day, kee ping quick, paying Zakat (charge as per the salary), and performing of the journey of the Sacred House of God (Al-Haraam Mosque arranged in the city of Makkah)

Fun facts about IFP COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fun facts about IFP COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog You may have heard about the prestigious International Fellows Program (IFP).   It is highly competitive only 30 Columbia University students (10 new SIPA students, 10 continuing SIPA students, and 10 Columbia University graduate students)   are selected each year to participate in the program.   Once you are an International fellow, you are a member for life. To clue you in for those who do not know much about it, we prepared some fun facts about the program The  IFP  is a two-semester seminar open to students of all graduate-degree programs at  Columbia University. The diverse perspectives and professional backgrounds that fellows  bring to the Program enrich their year-long common enterprise. All fellows receive a stipend and study a curriculum with two goals to examine the  origins of the current international order, in which the United States has for decades  played the leading role, and to look ahead to the new world that will eventually take its  place, dominated by a larger number of actors, new problems, and approaches to  problem-solving that have yet to be defined. Weekly meetings of the International Fellows  Program are supplemented by study trips to Washington, D.C. and the United Nations, where  fellows have extraordinary access to senior policymakers, diplomats, legislators,  journalists, and leaders of nongovernmental organizations. The International Fellows Program is a year-long, multidisciplinary academic program that invites thirty graduate students from all Columbia graduate programs to consider the United States past, present, and future role in global affairs. International Fellows are enrolled in a year-long seminar course called US Role in World Affairs. The Program is centered in Columbias School of International and Public Affairs. Dr. Stephen Sestanovich is the programs director and course instructor. Dr. Sestanovich has held numerous senior positions in the US government, the think tank world, and academia. Fellows receive a stipend of $3500 for the 2013 -2014 academic year. Over the course of the program, Fellows meet with prominent figures of the international community. Recent IFP cohorts have met with: former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, New York Federal Reserve President William Dudley, New York Times Executive Editor Bill Keller, Deputy Secretary of State William Burns, and many others. Fellows enjoy a fully-funded trip to Washington DC, in which they experience a full day of meetings with the elite of DC, including members of Congress, the National Security Council, top think tanks, and high-level journalists. IFP was established in 1961 and was rejuvenated by Dr. Sestanovich over the past ten years. IFP enjoys strong support from alumni of the program, which includes senior executives in the public and private sectors. This years fellows include graduate students from SIPA, Columbia Law School, Columbia Business School, Columbia Journalism School, the Divinity School, and GSAS. You may apply for the IFP as a SIPA applicant (a separate essay is required when you submit your admissions application); as a continuing SIPA student (there is an internal process that our first year students will hear about at the end of their first semester at SIPA); or as a Columbia University graduate student (application is available online) The International Fellows Program offers unique opportunities inside and outside of the classroom to explore and engage important international issues of the 20th and 21st century. Focusing on world affairs through the lens of the U.S. has illuminated key interactions between major foreign policy players and offers an interesting vantage point through which to analyze international political developments. In addition to lively class readings, discussions, and debates, our recent meeting with permanent representatives from France, Singapore, Lebanon, and Gabon helped enrich the academic and practical study of diplomacy by providing a forum through which to better understand the issues critical to the US and the world according to these countries. On a personal level, gaining a more nuanced understanding of the day-to-day professional practice of international diplomacy is what drew me to apply to the International Fellows Program, and has been a focal pointand highlightof the yearlong course thus far. I am especially eager to participate in the IFP annual DC trip held at the end of the semester where the class will meet with prominent practitioners, academics, and legislators regarding our class subject matter.   -Testimonial by current SIPA student International Fellow, Jesse Corradi, MIA 2014

How Phospholipids Help Hold a Cell Together

Injuries From An Accident Happen All The Time And Can Happen

Injuries from an accident happen all the time and can happen to anyone. Questions arise from workplace accidents involving injuries. Number one issue in this incident is to determine could this accident/injury been prevented. A thorough analysis needs to be completed. John Craftsman, a company employee, has been severely injured on his hand when pushing a large piece of wood through a table saw in the production shop. Therefore, John claims that he followed the procedures when working, and the company is legible for his injuries. According to him, the machine had no guarantee of keeping the employee safe when working. As for the company’s shop manager, David Waffler, he claims that the machine was in a safe condition since he was not†¦show more content†¦Harry further claims that he saw John with his co-workers laughing and goofing which could have led to the accident. Therefore, the blame game between the employee, foreman and the manager tends to be the resultan t factor of this problem. Analysis of the Information For that reason, it would be appropriate if I could develop some vital questions that would support me in trying to analyze and address such an issue. First, should John claim that the company is liable for his injuries? If so what appropriate measures should he had taken? Also, if the company is responsible what should they do to John? On the other side what should be done to John if it is known that the business is not liable for the injuries? As the foreman stated that the machine was in a perfect condition who should be blamed if the machine was incapacitated. At the time of trying to analyze and scan the environment where one can source out relevant information regarding the conflict. I will be looking at the different evidence produced by the employee’s party and the company. For instance, on the employee side John claims that the business is liable for his injuries because the machine being used was not in a proper condition for their safety. He receives backup from one of his colleagues that they had informed Harry the shop foreman concerning the state of theShow MoreRelatedConstruction Site Accidents1084 Words   |  5 PagesCONSTRUCTION SITE ACCIDENTS PROPOSAL 1.0 INTRODUCTION The construction sector has been ranked as the industry with the highest number of occupational injuries that are both fatal and non fatal. When big construction jobs are initiated, such as building a new housing or shopping complexes, there is a great deal of movement going on in a small area. Cranes, trucks and diggers are all vying for space to complete their project in a timely manner. 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CASA Ethical Business Considerations Free Essays

Abstract This paper explores the mission and goals of CASE, a nonprofit organization which provides advocacy for children in court proceedings. CASES mission and goals will be explained and ethical considerations with regard to a nonprofits fundraising strategy will be discussed. An overview of the benefits received from technological advancements will be discussed and applied to CASES fundraising strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on CASA Ethical Business Considerations or any similar topic only for you Order Now CASE’ nonprofit status and Internal Revenue Code section 501 (sys applicability to COCA’S financial and budgetary operations will be addressed and analyzed. An evaluation of COCA’S budget process and revenue sources will be discussed, along with internal factors which may impact its successful strategic financial planning. COCA’S use of cost-benefit analysis will be discussed and the analysis will conclude with an overview of COCA’S cash management and investment strategies, and an assessment of COCA’S present overall condition. Keywords: CASE, mission statement, goals, ethical standards for nonprofits, fundraising, technological improvements, IRS section 501 (c) nonprofit status, annual Form 990 filing requirements, budget, revenue, strategic uncial planning, cost-benefit analysis, cash management, Investment strategies, financial assessment CASE for Children Mission and Goals of CASE CASE is a nationwide nonprofit organization that advocates in state and local courts for the best interests of abused and neglected children through the services of specially selected and trained community volunteers. These volunteers come from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The mission of the National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association (NCSA), together with its chartered state and local members, is to support and promote court appointed voluntary advocacy so hat every abused and neglected child can be safe, establish permanence and have the opportunity to thrive (Keeping our promise: National COCA’S strategic objectives). Every court In the united States recognizes that a CASE volunteer Is essential for a successful outcome for children . And [e]very child can thrive In the safe embrace of a loving family. † (Ibid. ). CASE trains and supports court approved volunteers to advocate for children who need representation in court proceedings in order to ensure that the best interest of these children are met quickly and efficiently. The ultimate goal of CASE is to make sure children affected by the court system secure a safe and permanent home. Ethical Considerations Related to Finance Budgeting Within CASE COCA’S receives funding through a variety of sources including grants, local governments, fundraising events, and corporate and private donations. Sometimes 0 good intentions get the best of even the best-intentioned, and all the assumptions about goodness make for some easy marks, In terms of fraud (Jennings, M. , 2012, p. 559). â€Å"There’s tremendous pressure on Charles today to Increase their revenues to meet expenses and growing public needs. Unfortunately, this can Influence some organizations to take financial risks because of potential rewards. † (Bennett M Bureaus, Ibid. ). Successful fundraising by regional CASE programs sponsored by the national organization is the primary source of its financial resources. Funding sources want assurance that they are being asked to support a carefully researched and well planned program that fills researched local community needs. Often with nonprofits, the problem is not fraud by the organization; it is fraud or misconduct or missteps within the organization Innings, 2012, p. 5). Whether because of inexperience, the need for flexibility in management, or, Just as with companies, the drive for success and results, there have been some ethical issues that have proven costly for nonprofit organizations (Ibid. ). Competition is stiff in raising funds for children’s programs like CASE and founders want to know that they are not throwing money away on a program that will fa il because of poor planning, lack of coordination or duplication of the efforts of other human service organizations. Technological Considerations for Improving the Efficiency Effectiveness CASE can provide efficient and effective services to children involved in the court system through improved technological fundraising and outreach processes which will increase the sustain the viability of its finance and budgeting systems. â€Å"Cloud computing, also known as the cloud,’ refers to applications, services, or software offered over the internet instead of requiring direct connections to a server. † (Boles, 2013, p. 70). Cloud technologies reduce the costs of services and the time it takes to communicate information among staff members, volunteers and donors via email and collaborative software (Ibid. The useful purpose of social media such as Faceable, Twitter, Linked, and Pinsetters will allow CASE to connect and interact with staffers, volunteers, donors, as well as affected children and their guardians (Ibid. ). Social media networks are increasingly important tools for nonprofits like CASE to raise awareness, conduct outreach and raise funds (Ibid. , up. 70, 71). Innovations such as cloud computing systems, social media and mobile technologies should be incorporated into COCA’S fundraising efforts in order to improve its quality of services and work processes. Applicable Laws, Regulations, Policies Impacting COCA’S Financial Budget Operations All state and local CASE organizations formed under the national CASE association must file for exemption status under section 501 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in order to receive tax-deductible charitable contributions and Form 990 annual tax returns of income and expenses even though they are exempt from income taxation under the Code (Internal Revenue Service, â€Å"Requirements for Exemption,† â€Å"Application for recognition of exemption,† â€Å"Exempt Organizations – Required Filings,† â€Å"Form 990 Resources,† and â€Å"Tools for Exempt Organizations†). Expected changes in auditing standards and Form 990 reporting for nonprofit organizations may require increased data gathering and raise the cost of audits. These changes are expected to have an impact on some CASE programs [and] National CASE recommends that member programs contact a tax professional or auditor for more information (whom. IRS. Org). Among these changes is the new Suite of Risk Assessment Audit Standards, CPA Statement on Auditing Standards Nose. National CASE regularly seeks ways to reduce costs for local chapters so that they can increase the number of children they serve and one of the areas CASE focuses n is insurance (NCSA). Pursuant to CASE standards, it is extremely important to have a well thought out risk management plan, including adequate insurance coverage to protect CASE staff, agency and the board (Ibid. ). Annual financial reviews are required of CASE programs with budgets of $50,000 or greater and annual audits are required for programs with budgets of over $200,000 (Ibid. . Searching for and purchasing cost-saving insurance coverage is an ongoing practice the CASE uses to keep expenses within its organization’s budget. COCA’S policy in contractual practices stresses that unwritten contracts must be in rating. â€Å"Putting an agreement in writing serves several goals. First a written contract provides an indisputable, although not necessarily unambiguous, record of the agreement. The law gives great weight to written, signed documents †¦ Second, the process of committing an agreement to writing forces both parties to be [clear] about the [terms] of the agreement. † (NCSA). Key elements for CASE service contracts terms should include scope of work, deadlines and duration, money, record keeping and reporting, rights to work products, liability protections, dispute resolution, legal implicate and contracting process (Ibid. ). COCA’S internal policy covering essential terms to be included in written contracts it enters into saves the organization costs that would otherwise be expended to enforce service agreements. Evaluation of COCA’S Budget Process Revenue Sources One of the great challenges facing CASE is to obtain the money required to launch the program and maintain its operations (NCSA). Who is going to pay for the CASE program implemented and used by the courts and the community leaders? (Ibid. ). COCA’S guidelines are found in its Manual, Section 1 – Planning a Quality Program, Chapter 6: Funding the Program, and includes how to develop the first budget, develop the right approach to fundraising, locating possible funding sources, locating federal funding, and locating National CASE resource development protocols (Ibid. . The first hurdle is to develop an expense budget by comparing what the actual costs of goods and services presently is for similar nonprofit organizations within in the chosen community the CASE chapter is to be located (Ibid). Budget expenses include personnel, equipment, volunteer support, facility, supplies, travel, telephone ND Internet servic e, administrative costs, staff training, and dues and publications (Ibid). After the type and amount of budget expenses are identified and estimated, an approach to fundraising must be established. Funding sources want assurance that they are being asked to support a carefully researched and well planned program that fits the community’s needs (NCSA). Keys to successful fundraising are to â€Å"know who you are asking, know what you are asking for, and ask and ask again. † (Ibid. ) Common funding sources are â€Å"in-kind contributions† in the form of support such as he court, community service organizations, state bar associations, and law firms (Ibid. ). Examples of federal funding are available in the form of grants authorized by Congress specifically for the expansion of CASE advocacy for abused and neglected children such as the National CASE Association of Grants Program, the Children’s Act (Ibid. ). As with all nonprofit organizations, CASE strives to obtain and sustain an optimal funding mix of public and private support to secure its future (Ibid. ). In today’s fragile economic climate, there is intense competition for both public and riveter funding support because of increased costs of doing business combined with recent curtailments in government funds. Therefore, to enhance its fundraising efforts, CASE uses several data collection surveys and evaluations to document and justify its performance. Internal Factors Impacting COCA’S Successful Strategic Financial Planning CASE has developed and implemented several internally generated data collection and evaluations of the quantity and quality of its services provided to children in order to assess its efforts and to ultimately improve its services (NCSA). COCA’S racketing and communications department collects, analyzes and publishes surveys such as yearly Recent Local Program Survey Reports, Performance Measurement, State Organization Survey Reports, and additional surveys such as Caliber Evaluation of CASE Representation Report, and Judges and Attorney Survey of Volunteer CASE/ GALS (Ibid. ). Another internal tool used by CASE is its CASE Effectiveness Manual (Manual) (Ibid. . The purpose of the Manual is to provide CASE programs with an easy to use system for tracking information necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of its state and local chapters’ programs (Ibid. â€Å"Emphasis is placed on how to write and measure goals related to child-outcomes. The Manual includes easy to follow definitions, instructions, tracking forms and sample surveys. † (Ibid. ). CASE utilizes a system of fund accounting which measures accountability instead of profitability with the purpose of stewardship of financial resources received and expended in compliance with certain legal requirements (NCSA). Financial reporting by CASE is directed at the public instead of investors and funds are established in order to ensure accountability and expenditure for designated purposes: restricted et assets versus unrestricted net assets (Ibid. ). Restricted assets can be classified as either temporary or permanently restricted assets (Ibid. ). A temporarily restricted net asset’s use is restricted by the donor until a future event occurs (for example, CASE may have received a grant which terms are restricted to hiring a new volunteer supervisor), while a permanently restricted net asset includes assets that are controlled by outside parties as opposed to COCA’S control over the asset (for example, property donated to CASE as long as it is used in accordance with COCA’S mission and goals (Ibid. . Unrestricted net assets are funds whose assets have no external restriction as to use or purpose and can be expended for any purpose as long as they are spent in accordance with COCA’S mission and goals (Ibid. ). These internal tools assist CASE in its fundraising success by Justifying its costs in return for its effective performance of children’s advocacy services. COCA’S Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis The National CASE Association surveys both the state organization and local programs to get an accurate reflection of the structure and operation of children advocacy programs across the country and, in 2013, the CASE network consisted of 51 organizations and local programs (The National CASE Association, 2013, p. 4). â€Å"The findings illustrated by these survey results are critically important to track the funding from diverse sources, and help The National CASE Association to better serve state and local organizations. (Ibid. ). Overview of COCA’S Cash Management and Investment Strategies As of December 31, 2013, COCA’S median total revenue was $134,790 and its median total expenses were $136,570 (â€Å"Annual Local Program Survey Report†, 2013, p. 11). The Annual Local Program Survey Report does not address COCA’S short and long term investment strategies. In total, CASE programs nationwide reported more tha n $300 million in revenue, more than half of which were received from public sources (Ibid. ). The median revenue and expenses of CASE tended to be fairly equal for the year ending 2013, with the median cost per volunteer being $3,170 and the median cost per child being $1 ,090 (Ibid. ). COCA’S expenses did not vary significantly from 2012 depending on the area served or the age of the program (Ibid. ). In 2013, over 80 percent of COCA’S programs reported a change in revenue with changes being fairly consistent across programs serving urban, rural and suburban mixed areas (Ibid. 13). Compared to COCA’S 2012 revenue, 34 percent of its programs reported a decrease in revenue, 49 percent reported an increase in revenue, and 17 percent of its programs reported no change in revenue (Ibid. P. 13). CASE experienced an increase of children served from 234,098 in 2012 to 238,527 in 2013, while at the same time seeing its number of volunteers fall below 2011 and 2012 levels, from over 77,000 to less than 75,000 (Ibid. ). The decrease in COCA’S volunteer staff is problematic in that CASE can anticipate not being able to provide the quantity and quality of services in order to accomplish its mission and goals. Assessment of COCA’S Overall Financial Condition Despite a 34 percent decrease in program revenues in 2013, CASE remains to have short term cash liquidity from the 49 percent reported increase in other programs’ revenue, and a status quo of 17 percent of its programs who reported no change in revenue. CASE also appears to have the capacity to generate adequate revenues over sass’s fiscal year budgetary period in order to satisfy expenditures without incurring a deficit. COCA’S service level has declined to a capacity that does not provide the laity and quantity of services rendered in years ending 2011 and 2012 due to the decrease in the number of its volunteers by 2,000. COCA’S Annual Local Program Survey Report 2013 does not address its short and long term investment strategy or outcome for the year ending 2013. The decrease in COCA’S volunteer staff is resulting adversely on the quantity and quality of its mission and goals. CASE should reallocate its short term fundraising resources into its long term efforts toward volunteer recruiting and training programs. This adjustment in short term goal funding will promote and advance the umber of volunteers required to sustain the longevity of the service provided by CASE 2011 and 2012. References Boles, B. (2013). Technology role in the nonprofit sector: increasing organizational effectiveness and efficiency through technology innovations. How to cite CASA Ethical Business Considerations, Papers

Introductory Sociology Social Class

Question: Discuss about the Introductory Sociology for Social Class? Answer: The society has been divided into several classes according to the occupation, economic status, standard of thinking and education of the people from the very beginning. In this essay the social class system, the factors of this classification, its impact on different social aspects and health condition of the people belonging to each class has been discussed. Social classes refer to a set of concepts in the political theories and social sciences in which people can be categorized into several hierarchical social groups. When a group of people occupy a similar position in the society in terms of status, wealth and influence, they fall under the same social class. According to the Marxist theory a class is a combination of subjective and objective similarities among a group of people that is they have a common perception, relationship and a common interest (Pintelon et al., 2013). The social class is categorized based on some factors and they are: Income, power, health and nutrition, wealth, education, occupation, ethnicity and race. These dimensions of social class are inter-related and play important role in understanding the society (Weis Dolby, 2012). Income is the earning of a person from investments or work and all the assets owned by an individual, such as cash, saving accounts, stocks, real estate etc. are referred as wealth. Income is dependent on the occupation, and depending on the income and wealth the style of living, health, nutrition, education etc (Kraus et al., 2011). differs between the social classes. With respect to these factors the society is mainly divided into four categories (Figure 1) that are: The upper class The middle class The working class The lower class The upper class: This class is again divided into two groups, one is upper-upper class and another is lower-upper class. The lower-upper class Re those upper class people who make money from business venture, investment etc. and the upper-upper class implies to those aristocrat high class groups of people who have maintained a status for generations and are wealthy by birth (Shaeff, 2005). Some another important examples of lower middle class people are Professional actors athletes and successful entrepreneurs. However both of these groups have a huge amount of money that is a lot more than they could spend and that is why they have much leisure time to cultivate their interests and hobbies. This particular class of people lives a luxurious life and nourishes their culture. They hold an influence and power both nationally and universally (Pintelon et al., 2013). The middle class: The middle class is the next step down in the social class system and is also called sandwich class. They are again divided into two sub classes based on their education, prestige and wealth (Grossmann Varnum, 2010). Lower middle class people are comparatively less educated with an income equal to the national average, such as small business owners, managers, secretaries etc. and the upper middle class includes the highly educated professional and business people with a slightly higher income than the national average, such as lawyers, CEOs, and doctors. The largest amount of upward, downward or horizontal social mobility occurs at this level (Weis Dolby, 2012). The working class: The people who belong to this class have a little education. They are commonly engaged as manual labor with a little or no social status and have an income slightly lesser than the average national pay scale. This group includes people like plumber, carpenter, electricians, cashiers, factory workers (Bilton, 2012). They do not have much scope of the development of their career. Another difference of working class and middle class is in their behavior, values, living standard, lifestyle, culture and sometimes this people have to put themselves into risk while working. Most of the people of any society belong to this class (Wilkinson Pickett, 2010). The Lower class: The lower class is the working poor category having a minimum or no educational qualification. They generally work at a minimum wage and are very often employed as part time workers. This group of people often suffers from poverty, unemployment, homelessness, lack of health, nutrition and hygiene. Lower class people maintain a minimum level of social or cultural status (Shah, 2010). Figure 1: Social Class (Source: Stephen et al., 2012) Class is an important factor in understanding of any society and analyzing various factors related to it. By analyzing the social class and the people belonging in each of the classes, the socio-economic condition of the society can be understood (Stephens et al., 2014). The social classes reflect many sociological contexts such as economy, political system, style of leaving, health, education, etc (Naidoo Wills, 2008). there are several theoretical models related to the social classes proposed by sociologists and philosopher, which gives a clear idea of social classification helps to understand and demonstrate the society and the societal factors (Pintelon et al., 2013). According to Marx, the war between the classes that control the production and those who produce the products or serves the society that is the conflict between the capitalists and the wage-workers is the history of all the civilized societies. He claims that, the capitalists accumulate the wealth to such a point that they acquire enough power to dominate the other classes of society. He blames the lower class people for such discrimination as the lower class people are in a mass amount, they can easily overthrow the capitalists and bring equality to the society (Kraus et al., 2011). Another theory is formulated by Max Weber and it states that, the education and skills of a person determines his or her class or position in the society. He noted that many aristocrat families lacked economically but had enough political power however some wealthy families were deficient in power and prestige (Giddens, 2013). Observing all these factors he stated his new theory where there were three factors. The three key factors of the Weberian theory are; the economic position in society that is class, self esteem and social honor that is status and the capability to get their way in spite of others resistance that is power (Wilkinson Pickett, 2010). The social class of a person has significant effect on his or her physical health, ability of affording the medical facilities and nutrition. It has been noticed that the lower class people often experience several of issues related to health. The primary factor that leads them to this problem is their economic status (Davey, Gray Seale, 2001). Very often they are unable to utilize the healthcare facilities that the other classes can afford easily, however generally the people of this class tend to have an increased rate of health related problems. The poor class often suffers from malnutrition and due to a lack of place for living they have to survive in a congested and unhygienic environment (Stephens et al., 2012). For the above mentioned reasons the lower class families face a higher rate of infant mortality, cardiovascular problems, infections, cancer etc. Additionally, sometimes this class of people have to work in a much more hazardous condition and yet they are provided with very less or no health insurance (Shah, 2010). The working class and a few middle class people can afford the primary healthcare facilities and have a much better health conditions compared to the poor class people. However, in the case of some critical diseases or surgical cases such as cancer, renal failure, brain surgery, heart surgery they face much difficulty to afford the services (Davey, Gray Seale, 2001). They generally do not suffer from any problem related to health and hygiene and a number of health insurance are available to them. The healthcare services are quite easily available for the people of the middle class. And the upper class can very easily afford any healthcare services. And in their luxurious daily life they have the chance to spend money and time to take care of their health (Leinonen et al., 2011). From this essay it can be concluded that the social class system has a profound impact on the history of the society as well as on the modern society. The different aspects of the society such as education, health, family-life, political participation religious and spiritual affiliation vary with the persons belonging with each hierarchy of social class system. The social class varies with the different regions of a country, that is, the upper class people of a society may be considered upper middle class in another society depending on the overall standard of that particular society. The overall standard and condition of a society is greatly influenced by its social class. References: Bilton, T. (2012).Introductory Sociology(4th ed.). Davey, B., Gray, A., Seale, C. (2001).Health and disease. Buckingham, England: Open University Press. Giddens, A. (2013).Sociology(6th ed.). Naidoo, Wills,. (2008).Health Studies: an introduction (Sociology Health chapter). Shaeff, M. (2005).Sociology Healthcare: an introduction for nurses. Grossmann, I., Varnum, M. E. (2010). Social class, culture, and cognition.Social Psychological and Personality Science. Kraus, M. W., Horberg, E. J., Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D. (2011). Social class rank, threat vigilance, and hostile reactivity.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 0146167211410987. Leinonen, T., Pietilinen, O., Laaksonen, M., Rahkonen, O., Lahelma, E., Martikainen, P. (2011). Occupational social class and disability retirement among municipal employeesthe contribution of health behaviors and working conditions.Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, 464-472. Pintelon, O., Cantillon, B., Van den Bosch, K., Whelan, C. T. (2013). The social stratification of social risks: The relevance of class for social investment strategies.Journal of European social policy,23(1), 52-67. Shah, A. (2010). Poverty facts and stats.Global Issues,20. Stephens, N. M., Hamedani, M. G., Destin, M. (2014). Closing the social-class achievement gap a difference-education intervention improves first-generation students academic performance and all students college transition.Psychological science,25(4), 943-953. Stephens, N. M., Markus, H. R., Fryberg, S. A. (2012). Social class disparities in health and education: Reducing inequality by applying a sociocultural self model of behavior.Psychological review,119(4), 723. Weis, L., Dolby, N. (Eds.). (2012).Social class and education: Global perspectives. Routledge. Wilkinson, R., Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level.Why equality is better for.

A winning pitch - Emphasis

A winning pitch A winning pitch A guest blog on the Law Society Gazettes website says that writing pitches is not something that lawyers can afford to skate over. The article, Pitch writing: because its worth it, was contributed by Rob Ashton, Emphasis chief executive. In it, he looks at why far from being a waste of otherwise billable hours a carefully put together and tailored pitch is actually a sound investment in your firm. Much like death and taxes, for lawyers, pitch-writing is an inevitable part of life. And in todays financial climate more than ever, the pitch can make or break a deal. It can do the same for your firms reputation. Find out exactly why by reading the blog in full.

Bipolar Illness and Creativity

Bipolar Illness and Creativity In his article, Albert Rothenberg (2001) focuses on the relationship between such variables as creativity and bipolar illness. Overall, I find this work very informing and thought-provoking. The author argues that bipolar disorder does not increase creative abilities of an individual (Rothenberg, 2001, p. 144). He demonstrates that there is little or no dependence between these variables.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bipolar Illness and Creativity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This article can be very useful to therapists and patients. People should remember that bipolar disorder can be a very dangerous illness that is more likely to harm the creative capacity of an individual, rather than promote it. In my opinion, Albert Rothenberg provides very convincing and interesting examples in order to illustrate his viewpoint. On the whole, this article raises many questions that researchers and therapists should cons ider. First of all, the author believes that the connection between bipolar disorder and creativity may be very difficult to determine (Rothenberg, 2001, p. 131). Therefore, researchers should understand how the connection between these two phenomena can be best examined or measured. They have to choose the methods that ensure the validity of results; otherwise their studies may be of very little use. Secondly, Albert Rothenberg says that people, who are engaged in creative activities can be more vulnerable to mood disorders (2001, p. 132). Therefore, therapists should think of how they can best help such patients. Probably, there is an approach that works most effectively for such people. Finally, the author mentions various famous artists or writers like Van Gogh or Virginia Woolf (Rothenberg, 2001, p. 132). In many cases, their psychological problems were diagnosed on the basis of their diaries or other autobiographical records. The question arises whether such records can used f or the purposes of psychiatric diagnosis. One should determine the extent to which they are reliable. This article can have significant implications mostly for the field of psychology. Overall, this work can raise higher standards for psychologists who study the relationship between mood disorders and creativity or intelligence. As it has been said before, they have to develop more complex methods that can either prove or disprove the relation between bipolar illness and creative talents. The development of such methods can be a very challenging task. Secondly, people, who are not professional psychologists or psychiatrists, will have to be more aware of about the dangers of mood disorders. The author eloquently illustrates the point that psychological disorders can and should be treated.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There is no reason to associate creativity or im proved performance with mood disorders. Such an approach is hardly permissible from ethical and scientific standpoints. Patients should reject the stereotype according to which bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are conducive to intelligence or creativity. On the whole, patients should be encouraged to seek treatment even if they do not want to. First of all, therapists should explain patient’s creative skills have nothing to with bipolar disorder or illness. Secondly, without treatment their emotional state can only deteriorate. In their long term, their career and relations with other people can be threatened (Rybakowski, Klonowska, PatrzaÅ‚a, 2008, p. 37). These are the main reasons that counselors should give when talking to people who may have bipolar illness or other diseases. Certainly, it is unethical for force such people into treatment, but therapists should at least peoples’ awareness about the dangers to which they are exposed. Reference List Rothenberg , A. (2001). Bipolar Illness, Creativity, and Treatment. Psychiatric  Quarterly, 72(2), 131-147. Rybakowski, J., Klonowska, P., PatrzaÅ‚a, A. (2008). Psychopathology and creativity. Archives Of Psychiatry Psychotherapy, 10(1), 37-47.

Simulation in Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Simulation in Nursing - Essay Example Based on these approaches, they state that simulation should entail techniques used to represent direct replication of the original object for purposes of detailed learning of the same object; for instance, the exposure of some vital parts which cannot otherwise be seen or studied using the real phenomenon (Larew, sessions, Spunt, Foster, & Covington, 2005). As Jha, & Bates (2001) note, simulation technique has made it easy for medical practitioners to acquire adequate hands on skills in providing adequate medical care to all patients seeking services. It has helped in building all round experts capable of handling various complications in the medical field with minimum errors compared to those made in the past. Extreme complications for instance excess hemorrhaging in mothers giving birth, occasionally resulting into deaths have been arrested. Minimizing perinatal hemorrhaging is the main agenda behind the introduction of simulation in medical education since it is the major source of death in delivering mothers (Adams, 1999; Alspach, 1995). This paper investigates the importance of simulations in obstetrics education aimed at minimizing prenatal hemorrhage, as well as analyzes the impacts of simulation and its benefits in obstetrics education. Introduction Excess hemorrhaging can cause death of mothers if not stopped soon after birth. Much blood is even lost in cases of caesarean deliveries where a c- section has to be cut as compared to cases of normal birth (Benner, 1984; Adams, 1999; Kahol K., 2009). There is, therefore, a great need for delivering mothers to be prevented from loosing a lot of blood during and after birth. It is estimated that about 140,000 deaths occur annually with 1 woman losing life every four minutes due to OB hemorrhage (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 1998). Between 1995-1999 maternal mortality due to OB hemorrhage in the United States of America was 14%, leading to the second cause of death in the region, cardiomyopath y 21% (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2002). The majority of these deaths is however reported to be 93% preventable if care providers had been more vigilant, recognized the risk and symptom to intervene early (Benner, 1984; Seymour et al, 2002). This is actually in line with the WHO report in 2007 on OB hemorrhage which indicates that OB hemorrhage is one of the most preventable causes of maternal mortality. Driven by the dire need for immediate attention and response to such vital conditions, most institutions have resorted to using simulation techniques to train nurses and gynecologists in the field of obstetrics. Benner, Hooper-Kyriakidis, & Stannard (1999) point out that simulation education is currently becoming the most preferred mode of education and training in most institutions offering training for nurses and gynecologists. Different kinds of simulators have been identified for use by various institutions and training organizations. As a result, the chances o f survival among mothers giving birth have been increased over the last few years (Adams, 1999; Case, 1995).

Role, Significance and Impact of Multi-Agency Working in Childcare Essay

Role, Significance and Impact of Multi-Agency Working in Childcare - Essay Example In work with disabled children, families experience better relationships with services along with improved level of access to them and improved quality of life with reduced stress (Sloper, cited in Improving outcomes for children 2007). This is also true in the aspect of healthcare. In projects targeting mental health of children, there has been a reduction in the proportion of children with clinically significant problems, with children showing better involvement with school (Kurtz & James, cited in Improving outcomes for children 2007). Multi-agency working involves patient counselling, taking a great deal of time and care in dealing with children as well as parents when necessary. The counsellors are facilitators of information who helps sensitive sharing of information in a very respectful manner without violating confidentiality (McGinnis 2008, p.128). Collaborative working and information sharing among the different services is a key factor in enhancing children's welfare. Frequent and personal contacts of practitioners from different agencies with each other help resolve issues of concern (Cleaver et al. 2008, p.105). Collaborative working of services helps recognise the different needs of a child and the relationships between the different aspects of a child's life. Information sharing helps in early identification of children's additional needs to help them reach their potential. Identifying with parents and sharing information with them play a key role in understanding children and enhancing their well-bein g. Videotapes of children both at play and at work, at home and in school, can be exchanged which help to keep parents up-to-date on the children's progress as well as help staff to understand certain behaviour of children which they would have found difficult to comprehend. Information sharing also helps the staff in having an insight into the children's cultural background. This can help in the children's development in the cognitive and socio-behavioural aspects (Whalley & Dennison 2001, p.137). It is the goal of the Government that by 2010 all schools will provide access to a core offer of extended services including childcare, study support activities, parenting support and specialised support services with wider community access to information and communication technology, sports and arts facilities, and adult learning (Extended schools 2009). Extended support can bring about a significant improvement in children by identifying their individual problems, which they face outside of school and are intractable, and tackle them effectively, thus enabling teachers to give more attention to teaching. These services can also support parents through information sessions and parenting programmes, thus ensuring better parental involvement in the children's activities. Positive impact in preventative work Multi-agency involvement in preventative work has brought about positive results in children including improved behaviour, better relationships, enhanced education and increased well-being. The results of the On Track programme effectively demonstrate these effects. On Track is a research-based preventative programme for crime reduction, which through multi-agency partnerships

Pure Bureaucratic Organization Features

Pure Bureaucratic Organization Features Every organization has a set of objectives it wants to achieve. These can merely be performance targets a management wants to attain, or can better be described as a measure of organizational growth. However, objectives of each individual might not be aligned with those of the organization, and therefore, to ensure that the organization is able to meet its objectives with maximum efficiency, it is imperative to exert some form of control over the organization. Bureaucracy is an authority that maximizes efficiency and effectiveness of the organization and exercises control on the basis of technical knowledge (Weber, 1947:339). Bureaucracy is a form of organizational design defined by a number of formal characteristics focused on centralization, authority, impersonality and a rational career structure; all arranged in a hierarchical ascending order with clear cut division of labour and specialized tasks in line with rights and entitlements linked to the position in hierarchy (Clegg et al., 2008:486; Clegg and Hardy, 1999:8). Max Weber (1864-1920), a great German academic and sociologist was the first to formulate the characteristics of a bureaucracy. Well known for his study of bureaucratization of society, he set the foundations for all subsequent work on this subject. Weber, in his work The Three Types of Legitimate Rules (1958) contrasted three types of authority: traditional authority, charismatic authority and rational-legal authority. However, he identified rational-legal authority to be the heart of bureaucracy and defined it as: an authority resting on a belief in the legality of patterns of normative rules and the right of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands (Weber, 1947:215). As for this, the authority given to these officials is determined by the office they are appointed to and once these official leave the office, their authority is lost. For Weber, the terms bureaucracy and rationality were both tied together, and thus he coined the term ideal type to the rational-legal form. Primary Features of a Bureaucratic Organization Weber identified what he believed to be the main characteristics of a pure bureaucratic organization. His idea on bureaucracy was to describe an ideal organization one which is perfectly rational and would provide maximum efficiency and consistency to the organization. We are now going to discuss the characteristics that form the essence of Webers rational bureaucracy that be found in his work Economy and Society: an Outline of Interpretive Sociology (1978:221-3). Bureaucratic organizations can be characterized through the formal aspects of Frederick Taylors Scientific Management school of thought which is considered to be the foundation of classical management theory and enhances the idea of improving efficiency and productivity within the workplace (Dean, 1997). First is centralization, which refers to the level of hierarchy with authority to make decisions. Each level is accountable to the level above and controls the level below (Weber, 1978). Hierarchy delineates the line of authority and shows a clear chain of command, allowing job definition to be most rational and most efficient (Grey, 2009). Secondly, there is a highly developed division of labour and specialization of tasks. Duties of all officials are clearly defined such that employees are organized into groups based upon their technical skills, thus covering the area of competence they are technically trained for. In lines with this, Taylors principles of Scientific Management the ory suggests that a trained employee should be selected for the job rather than having him choose his own work and training himself as best he could (Dean, 1997). Another feature that develops a bureaucratic organization is formalization, which refers to the set of written rules and formal procedures management has to abide by. Firstly, there is a strict separation between official duties of a bureaucrat and their private and emotional life. In this, management is operated on certain rules contained in files of written documents rather than personal feelings of the employees (Weber, 1921/1968). This allows a uniform execution of decisions and actions towards the lower levels through formal systems of rules and regulations, and thus it is an imperative source of efficiency maximization. Ouchi (1977) points out that an organizations formal system, identified as written procedures and policies, help meet organizational goals in an efficient manner and detect misconducts taking place within the organization. Moreover, all decision and actions taken by the organization are recorded in written documents. This helps regulate behavior of the employees. Although this might not seem as an essential part of a bureaucracy, yet it is the arrangement that best fits the pure type (Weber, 1957:335). Starting with the mode of recruitment, another feature that develops a pure bureaucratic organization is that personnel are hired on grounds of technical competence and not on any other consideration such as political loyalty or family inheritance. The appointment of an individual is based upon their qualifications and expertise to accomplish the specialized duties effectively. When entering a bureaucratic organization, individuals are expected to make office their sole occupation and make a career within the organization (Weber, 1978:220). Insofar as the remuneration in a bureaucratic organization is concerned, the opportunity for promotion is based upon an elaborate system of seniority and achievement of an individual. Moreover, the bureaucrats are salaried officials and normally receive a fixed salary based more upon the status of their position rather than their productivity or performance. Clegg et al. (2008) asserts that different positions in a hierarchy are differently paid. The characteristics discussed above illustrate Webers ideal type of rational and efficient bureaucracy. Many of these features that now seem common and obvious to us did not always exist, and can therefore be characterized as Webers invention. Furthermore, as suggested in Webers definition and by Scientific Management theory, these features exist as a set of formal entities such that they are predefined by the management and are deliberately and consciously created to achieve specified goals (Dwyer, 2005:1234). Bureaucracy or Post-bureaucracy? For most of us today when we think of the term bureaucracy, negative connotations such as inefficiency, redundancy, rigidity, red tape culture and the like come to mind. However, bureaucracy in Webers period was considered extremely successful and was seen as efficient machine devised to ultimately achieve desired goals. The purpose of this essay however is not to discuss the success or failure of a bureaucracy, but rather to analyze if we still live in a bureaucratic world, or in a post-bureaucratic one. Post-bureaucracy is an refined organizational model developed to best suit todays dynamic organizations. Salaman (2005) asserts that post-bureaucracy is supposed to be more efficient, more dynamic, more innovative and more understanding towards the need to change. It merely refers to a fundamental shift away from traditional bureaucratic features which can be characterized through reduced formal levels of hierarchy, more flexibility than rule-following, decentralization of authority, and a collaboration of trust, teamwork, and shared responsibility (Heckscher, 1994). One of the features of Webers ideal type of bureaucracy is based upon centralization; however most large and successful organizations today are organizing themselves into smaller, autonomous and more manageable units thus becoming more decentralized. Various scholars (Miner et al., 2000; Repenning, 2002; Sigglekow and Rivki, 2003) have recently developed a resurgence of interest towards the linkage of structure and strategy, and have focused on how smaller structures in dynamic environments can be used to produce organizational adaptations. Their study links to how simpler structure can improvise learning, increase professionalism and be an appropriate mechanism for controlling organizations. Although Daft (2009:348) argues that decentralization represents a paradox because, in the perfect bureaucracy, all decisions would be made by the top administrator, who would have perfect control. Nevertheless, it can be seen that larger an organization becomes, the more decentralized and compl ex it gets. The rationale behind this is that when an organization grows, the number of levels in hierarchy (vertical complexity) and the number of departments (horizontal complexity) grow with it, thus decisions are diffused to the lower levels of management and pressure to subdivide arises, or else managers cannot control them effectively. We can see today that most successful companies such as IBM, Hewlett-Packard, General Foods, 3M, etc are now seen adapting decentralization. CEO Mike Quinlan of McDonalds says that he pushes directions as far down the hierarchy as he can; otherwise, McDonalds decision making would be too slow. Hage and Aiken (1967) support this idea in their research on organization size that larger organizations permit greater decentralization and use Campbell Soup Company and American Airlines as examples (cited in Daft, 2009:348). A small group of theorists (Heckscher and Donnellon, 1994; Gratton, 2004; Pollitt, 2008) have developed upon the theory of typical shift towards post-bureaucracy that in a world of such increasing uncertainty and complexity; hierarchies have now become flat, horizontal connections are emphasized, companies are now more fluid and virtual. As all of these features can be observed in large-scale organizations today, I am in support of Robbins (1990:308) thought that in large and complex organizations, decentralization has become de riguer. Although we have discussed above that large scale organizations are becoming more decentralized, that is they are lacking the pure bureaucratic feature of centralization and hierarchical authority, this however does not mean that hierarchy has been eliminated in them or that they have left behind the core tenets of bureaucracy. They still abide by the Webers bureaucratic rigid rules, written procedures, and impersonality. Heckscher and Donnellon (1994) argue along these lines and describe them as cleaned up bureaucracies. Moreover, according to HÃ ¶pfl (2006:19), an entirely non- or post-bureaucratic organization without hierarchy is simply inconceivable and in addition asserts that post-bureaucratic arrangements appear as variants within bureaucracy. Today, large organizations tend to be more formalized than the smaller ones. The underlying principle behind this is that in large organizations the number of employees and departments is significantly higher, making them more dependable upon the written rules, regulations and paperwork to standardize operations and exercise control. Robbins (1990:96) uses McDonalds to support this argument and states that McDonalds operating manual has 385 pages describing the most minute activities in each outlet. No cigarette, candy or pin ball machines are allowed. Basic hamburger patty must be 1.6 ounces of pure beef with no more than 19.5% fat content. Buns must have 13.3% sugar in them. In regard with this example, it can be seen that even in todays large-scale organizations employees are taken as machine-like objects with no personal feelings. Bureaucracys strength is its capacity to manage routine tasks efficiently in stable and predictable environments. On the contrary, small organizations these days tend to deploy less degree of formalization in their operations which provides employees with considerable freedom in executing their duties and achieving objectives (Robbins, 1990:93). Having said that, top management in small organizations can nevertheless deploy their personal observation skills as a tool to continuously monitor productivity levels and regulate control (Hall, 1963). This implies that sufficient tools are available in small organizations to positively impact overall team dynamics without having to enforce a set of stringent rules and regulations that individuals are restrained by. This in turn empowers employees with a sense of belonging towards the organization and builds a strong relationship amongst them, weaved by trust and personal loyalties (Maravelias, 2003). In lines with the existence of bureaucratic features in todays era, different schools of thought exist. An extensive number of theorists have conducted case studies on organizational structures existing in both public and private sectors. Harris (2006) conducted a study on British Library to explore widespread adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). He concluded that ICT in modern libraries can foster them to become innovative virtual organizations; putting an end to bureaucracy and thus initiate a new flexible and modern-bureaucratic organizational form. Similarly, Briand and Bellemare (2006), in their study about complex changes taking place in a Canadian International Development Research Centre, propose that a shift away from centralized model of governance is being observed, which is entailed with with a reduction of surveillance and produced a new flat structure of domination. Furthermore, Budd (2007), in his research draws upon the environmental changes suc h as introduction of ICT based services, standardization and flexibility. He claims that these changes have helped replace bureaucracy in public policy and public management operations. In contrast to the aforementioned cases which observe the essence of post-bureaucratic patterns in the transformed era we now live in, another group of research scientists have presented their findings by conducting studies about organizations that have not adapted to a paradigm shift, away from bureaucracy. Hill et al. (2000:578), in their study of UK and US Research and Development (RD) projects considered decentralization as an aspect of post-bureaucratic paradigm in RD functions. They concluded that centralization is still the norm as no evidence of move towards decentralization or was observed. In similar lines, Hodgson (2004) argued in his study that project management can never eliminate central control, not the tensions linked with it; instead it has distinct modalities of control, each of which generates quite specific tensions. These are not so much an innovation in organization form but a repositioning of some classic questions. In addition to this Barker (1993) studied se lf-managing teams in the US and observed that dehumanizing tendencies within them exist, thus tightening Webers iron cage of rational control. As a response to whether we are living in a bureaucratic or a post-bureaucratic epoch, there is certainly no doubt that organizations today are experiencing rapid technological and innovative changes, but these changes however are not leaving bureaucracy behind. Bureaucracy, in some form or the other, still exists in all organizations. Conclusion First part of this essay discusses the general features that constitute a pure bureaucratic organization. Thus, I am of the opinion that these bureaucratic features were consciously formed to meet the organizations objectives in the most productive and efficient manner. Second part of the essay provides an analytical review of the current patterns of organizational structures to help establish the extent of bureaucratic elements that still exists within modern organizations. Due to the given scope limitations, the primary content of this essay only outlines concepts of Webers ideal type bureaucracy and few critical approaches to provide a radical analysis of bureaucracy and post-bureaucracy era. This constraint however limits my analysis and prevents from further building upon the controversies identified by other research theorists which are primarily associated with these core characteristics. Although bureaucracy entails with it words such as red tape and inefficiency, bureaucracy is only a type of an organizational structure and there is no unanimously acknowledged perspective whether it is good or bad. Referring to Greys (2009) idea that bureaucracies are well suited for businesses that involve routine task or machine-like operations rather than for those which experience rapid technological changes, I reject the exclusive consideration of either bureaucracies or post-bureaucracies. The aforementioned idea implies that we live either in a purely bureaucratic epoch, or one which completely washes away the bureaucratic features; in other words a post-bureaucratic one. Although bureaucracy, with its adequately defined rigid features to some extent is indeed incompatible with todays growth and rapid change; yet in my view all organizations in some way or the other demonstrate certain degree of bureaucratic characteristics. As for this, I endorse HÃ ¶pfls (2006) idea that a complete transition from bureaucracy to a modern era would require either a death of hierarchy, or some measures that are entirely incompatible with bureaucracy. In light of all this, it can thus be concluded that despite the criticism directed towards bureaucracy, we are in the midst of a threshold both bureaucracy and modernity still continue to live with us.

The Life Of Mahatma Ghandi Essay -- essays research papers

Mahatma Gandhi Introduction Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism and the prophet of nonviolence in the 20th century, was born, the youngest child of his father's fourth wife, on Oct. 2, 1869, at Porbandar, the capital of a small principality in Gujarat in western India under British suzerainty. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, who was the dewan (chief minister) of Porbandar, did not have much in the way of a formal education but was an able administrator who knew how to steer his way between the capricious princes, their long-suffering subjects, and the headstrong British political officers in power. Gandhi's mother, Putlibai, was completely absorbed in religion, did not care much for finery and jewelry, divided her time between her home and the temple, fasted frequently, and wore herself out in days and nights of nursing whenever there was sickness in the family. Mohandas grew up in a home steeped in Vaishnavism (Vaisnavism)--worship of the Hindu god Vishnu (Visnu)--with a strong tinge of Jainism, a morally rigorous Indian religion, whose chief tenets are nonviolence and the belief that everything in the universe is eternal. Thus he took for granted ahimsa (noninjury to all living beings), vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between adherents of various creeds and sects. (see also Index: ahimsa, or ahimsa) Youth. The educational facilities at Porbandar were rudimentary; in the primary school that Mohandas attended, the children wrote the alphabet in the dust with their fingers. Luckily for him, his father became dewan of Rajkot, another princely state. Though he occasionally won prizes and scholarships at the local schools, his record was on the whole mediocre. One of the terminal reports rated him as "good at English, fair in Arithmetic and weak in Geography; conduct very good, bad handwriting." A diffident child, he was married at the age of 13 and thus lost a year at school. He shone neither in the classroom nor on the playing field. He loved to go out on long solitary walks when he was not nursing his by now ailing father or helping his mother with her household chores. He had learned, in his words, "to carry out the orders of the elders, not to scan them." With such extreme passivity, it is not surprising that he should have gone through a phase of adolescent rebel... ...reading John Ruskin's Unto This Last, a critique of capitalism, he set up a farm at Phoenix near Durban where he and his friends could literally live by the sweat of their brow. Six years later another colony grew up under Gandhi's fostering care near Johannesburg; it was named Tolstoy Farm after the Russian writer and moralist, whom Gandhi admired and corresponded with. Those two settlements were the precursors of the more famous ashrams (ashramas) in India, at Sabarmati near Ahmedabad (Ahmadabad) and at Sevagram near Wardha. South Africa had not only prompted Gandhi to evolve a novel technique for political action but also transformed him into a leader of men by freeing him from bonds that make cowards of most men. "Persons in power," Gilbert Murray prophetically wrote about Gandhi in the Hibbert Journal in 1918, "should be very careful how they deal with a man who cares nothing for sensual pleasure, nothing for riches, nothing for comfort or praise, or promotion, but is simply determined to do what he believes to be right. He is a dangerous and uncomfortable enemy, because his body which you can always conquer gives you so little purchase upon his soul."

Eight Important Duties of an Agent Towards the Principal Essay

1. Duty to follow principal’s directions or customs (Sec. 211): The first duty of every agent is to act within the scope of the authority conferred upon him and perform the agency work according to the directions given by the principal. When the agent acts otherwise, if any loss be sustained, he must make it good to the principal, and if any profit accrues, he must account for it.   Illustrations: (a) Where the principal instructed the agent to warehouse the goods at a particular place and the agent warehoused them at a different warehouse which was equally safe, and the goods were destroyed by fire without negligence, it was held that the agent was liable for the loss because any departure from the instructions makes the agent absolutely liable (Lilley vs Doubleday). (b) An agent being instructed to insure goods neglects to do so. He is liable to compensate the principal in the event of these being lost (Pannalal Jankidas vs Mohanlal). If the principal has not given any express or implied directions, then it is the duty of the agent to follow the custom prevailing in the same kind of business at the place where the agent conducts business. If the agent makes any departure, he does so at his own risk. He must make good any loss so sustained by the principal. Illustrations (Appended To Sec. 211): (a) A, an agent, engaged in carrying on for B a business, in which it is the custom to invest from time to time at interest, the moneys which may be in hand, omits to make such investments. A must make good to B the interest usually obtained by such investments. (b) B, a broker, in whose business it is not the custom to sell on credit, sells goods of A on credit to C, whose credit at the time was very high. C, before payment, becomes insolvent. B must make good the loss to A, irrespective of his good intentions. 2. Duty to carry out the work with reasonable skill and diligence (Sec. 212): The agent must conduct the business is generally possessed by persons engaged in similar business, unless the principal has notice of his want of skill. Further, the agent must act with reasonable diligence and to the best of his skill.   If the agent does not work with reasonable care, skill (unless the principal has notice of his want of skill) and diligence, he must make compensation to his principal in respect of ‘direct consequences’ of his own neglect, want of skill or misconduct. But he is not so liable for indirect or remote losses. Illustrations (Appended To Sec. 212): (a) A, a merchant in Kolkata, has an agent B, in London, to whom a sum of money is paid on A’s account, with orders to remit. B retains the money for a considerable time. A, in consequence of not receiving the money, becomes insolvent. B is liable for the money and interest from the day on which it ought to have been paid, according to the usual rate, and for any further direct loss such as loss by variation of rate of exchange, but nothing further. (b) A, an agent for the sale of goods, having authority to sell goods on credit, sells to B on credit, without making the proper and usual enquiries as to the solvency of B. B, at the time of such sale, is insolvent. A must make compensation to his principal in respect of any loss thereby sustained. 3. Duty to Render Accounts (Sec. 213): It is the duty of an agent to keep proper accounts of his principal’s money or property and render them to him on demand, or periodically if so provided in the agreement. 4. Duty to communicate (Sec. 214): It is the duty of an agent, in cases of difficulty, to use all reasonable diligence in communicating with his principal, and in seeking to obtain his instructions, before taking any steps in facing the difficulty or emergency. 5. Duty not to deal on his own account (Sees. 215 and 216): An agent must not deal on his own   account in the business of agency; i.e., he must not himself buy from or sell to his principal goods he is askedto sell or buy on behalf of his principal; without obtaining the consent of his principal after disclosing all material facts to him. If the agent violates this rule, the principal may repudiate the transaction where it can be shown that any material fact has been knowingly concealed by the agent, or that the dealings of the agent have been disadvantageous to the principal. The principal is also entitled to claim from the agent any benefit which may have resulted to him from the transaction. Illustrations: (a) A, directs B to sell A’s estate. B buys the estate for himself in the name of   . A, on discovering that B has bought the estate for himself may repudiate the sale, if he can show that B has dishonestly concealed any material fact or that the sale has been disavantageous to him. [Illustration (a) Appended to Section 215 ( b)A directs, B, his agent, to buy a certain house for him. B tells A that it cannot be bought and buys the house for himself. A may, on discovering that B has bought the house, compel him to sell it to A at the price he gave for it. [Illustration appended to Section 216] 6. Duty not to make any profit out of his agency except his remuneration (Sees. 217 and 218): An agent stands in a fiduciary relation to his principal and therefore he must not make any profit (secret profit) out of his agency. He must pay to his principal all moneys (including illegal gratification, if any) received by him on principal’s account. He can, however, deduct all moneys due to himself in respect of his remuneration or/and expenses properly incurred. If his acts are not bonafide, he will lose his remuneration and will have to account for the secret profit to his principal. 7. Duty on termination of agency by principal’s death or insanity (Sec. 209): When an agency is terminated by the principal dying or becoming of unsound mind, the agent must take, on behalf of the representatives of his late principal, all reasonable steps for the protection and preservation of the interests entrusted to him. 8. Duty not to delegate authority (Sec. 190): Subject to six exceptions stated earlier (under the heading Delegation of Authority), an agent must not further delegate his authority to another person, but perform the work of agency himself.

Street Lights - 793 Words

Repair or Replacement of Non-working Street Lights The repair or replacement of non-working street lights in several areas of the city has caused hazardous driving conditions due to low visibility. The city has decided to make the repair and replacement of these lights a priority. Identifying the problem: Although the city has already stated that nonworking street lights has the culprit to the problem the real problem is low visibility. At what level of light output is conditions considered acceptable; for instance is a 1000 watt bulb considered adequate for 500 feet of road? Is this acceptable for all roads? Is a residential area roads need different lighting requirements as a highway or what about historic areas that want to maintain†¦show more content†¦In solving a problem as an algorithm you may need still need to answer heuristic questions such as what is considered adequate lighting, with no data to compare one must just say yes I can see better with a 1000 watt bulb than a 500 watt. Although I’m sure there is data that supports an accident reduction after achieving certain lighting result all the assumed data in this paper is fiction. It might be assumed from the above statement that I would believe that more steps need to be added, how ever I do believe that the steps are sufficient, possibly the only step I could add is a reevaluation step, but I believe the achieved by testing the results step. 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