Reading assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Perusing - Assignment Example While some help the restricting of sex guilty parties from SN locales, this paper takes the position that these are private elements and the administration has no organizations intruding in their undertakings. What's more, court choices forbidding sex offenders’ participation in these locales encroach on their First Amendment rights and opportunities (Wynton, p. 1878). Such patterns in the legal executive are probably going to prompt previous offenders’ rights to speak freely being controlled in comparable way. Thus, U.S. citizens’ rights to speak freely and affiliation will be encroached. There are a lot of approaches and practices that powerless SN site individuals may uphold to guarantee the nearness of sex wrongdoers in these locales doesn't jeopardize their lives. The Government ought not Regulate SN Membership At the bleeding edge in prohibiting sex guilty parties from SN locales are the administrative courts with, purportedly, numerous law courts restricti ng sex wrongdoers from the web by means of SN destinations as a prerequisite for directed discharge or probation (Wynton, p. 1861). In today’s SN destinations, individuals post and offer a considerable amount of individual data. Because of the private idea of this information, the administration pulls out all the stops in its drive to shield powerless individuals from hurt exuding from crooks and previous wrongdoers who might need to utilize such information to hurt others (Wynton, p. 1877). Along these lines, limiting participation is a by which the administration tries to shield people from dangers to lives and individual protection found in the online world. In any case, given that interpersonal organization destinations are private elements and individuals join at their will, it is basic that individuals assume the liability to ensure their security and wellbeing without the administration confining the enrollment of others. With this impact, there are a few individual te chniques that individuals can actualize to guarantee they don't succumb to sex guilty parties and different lawbreakers. For the most part focused by sex guilty parties are youngsters or the adolescent who should then actualize a few, if not the entirety of the accompanying practices. In the first place, true judgment is the best strategy to assist one with abstaining from being a casualty of sex guilty parties on SN destinations, virtual universes, and online journals and graph rooms. In such manner, the clients ought not share a great deal of private data or post numerous photographs, recordings, and remarks as these might be utilized by a wrongdoer to target them, hurt their sentiments, and notoriety. In addition, reminding clients that their activities online have outcomes, the legislature and guardians should tell clients that what they offer ought to be restricted. Fundamentally, online habits ought to be underlined. Specialists ought to likewise converse with clients about th eir exercises on the web. Actually, for small kids, it is important that guardians limit access to the locales and their kid’s profiles. Clients ought to likewise not imitate others in their online exercises as this may make them to be focused by sex wrongdoers. Albeit a child’s site may have confined access and exceptionally set security, a more extensive crowd than the guardians gets to the profile. Consequently, kids and different clients ought to be urged to consider the language they utilize on the web and the recordings and pictures posted. Partners such mentors, educators, businesses, school affirmations officials, and the police ought to likewise be associated with children’s and the youth’s SN profiles and correspondence. Every one of these partners should converse with

Religions (two traditions) and the Modern World Essay

Religions (two conventions) and the Modern World - Essay Example Be that as it may, practically all religions search for the spread of harmony, equity, fairness and opportunity of thought and activity for the food of request on the planet, just as for the good and otherworldly inspire of the people. Abrahamic religions appreciate truly good status among the considerable rundown of winning beliefs, which incorporate Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Since all these three religions view Abraham as their predecessor and the wellspring of otherworldly direction and motivation, they are for the most part called Abrahamic beliefs. (Hemeyer, 222) The basic arrangement of conviction, idea of the Creator, His blessed messengers, prophets and paradise and damnation fire and so on are practically same in these religions, which recognize them from the rests of the beliefs of the world. Judaism is the most seasoned of these three beliefs, while Islam is the last one among the three. Islam is the second biggest religion of the current world, which looks for its starting point in the Middle East like its forerunner Abrahamic religions. It has its remarkable philosophy, lessons, techniques and habits of love and essential arrangement of conviction. Being the monotheistic confidence, Islam passionately lays worry after revering of One God, the Creator and Sustainer of the whole universe and each and everything existing in it. (Hemeyer, 224) Since God has made people for His love, announcing different divine beings as like Allah just as deserving of worship is the best sin as per Islamic idea. Islamic lessons order the devotees of the religion to have unabated and unqualified faith in the Oneness of God, and adoring the Holy Prophet Muhammad (harmony arrive) as the Seal of the considerable number of prophets sent by the Lord over and over for the direction and government assistance of humankind. Thus, faith in the Oneness of God, going to God five times each day, kee ping quick, paying Zakat (charge as per the salary), and performing of the journey of the Sacred House of God (Al-Haraam Mosque arranged in the city of Makkah)

Fun facts about IFP COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Fun facts about IFP COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog You may have heard about the prestigious International Fellows Program (IFP).   It is highly competitive only 30 Columbia University students (10 new SIPA students, 10 continuing SIPA students, and 10 Columbia University graduate students)   are selected each year to participate in the program.   Once you are an International fellow, you are a member for life. To clue you in for those who do not know much about it, we prepared some fun facts about the program The  IFP  is a two-semester seminar open to students of all graduate-degree programs at  Columbia University. The diverse perspectives and professional backgrounds that fellows  bring to the Program enrich their year-long common enterprise. All fellows receive a stipend and study a curriculum with two goals to examine the  origins of the current international order, in which the United States has for decades  played the leading role, and to look ahead to the new world that will eventually take its  place, dominated by a larger number of actors, new problems, and approaches to  problem-solving that have yet to be defined. Weekly meetings of the International Fellows  Program are supplemented by study trips to Washington, D.C. and the United Nations, where  fellows have extraordinary access to senior policymakers, diplomats, legislators,  journalists, and leaders of nongovernmental organizations. The International Fellows Program is a year-long, multidisciplinary academic program that invites thirty graduate students from all Columbia graduate programs to consider the United States past, present, and future role in global affairs. International Fellows are enrolled in a year-long seminar course called US Role in World Affairs. The Program is centered in Columbias School of International and Public Affairs. Dr. Stephen Sestanovich is the programs director and course instructor. Dr. Sestanovich has held numerous senior positions in the US government, the think tank world, and academia. Fellows receive a stipend of $3500 for the 2013 -2014 academic year. Over the course of the program, Fellows meet with prominent figures of the international community. Recent IFP cohorts have met with: former United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, New York Federal Reserve President William Dudley, New York Times Executive Editor Bill Keller, Deputy Secretary of State William Burns, and many others. Fellows enjoy a fully-funded trip to Washington DC, in which they experience a full day of meetings with the elite of DC, including members of Congress, the National Security Council, top think tanks, and high-level journalists. IFP was established in 1961 and was rejuvenated by Dr. Sestanovich over the past ten years. IFP enjoys strong support from alumni of the program, which includes senior executives in the public and private sectors. This years fellows include graduate students from SIPA, Columbia Law School, Columbia Business School, Columbia Journalism School, the Divinity School, and GSAS. You may apply for the IFP as a SIPA applicant (a separate essay is required when you submit your admissions application); as a continuing SIPA student (there is an internal process that our first year students will hear about at the end of their first semester at SIPA); or as a Columbia University graduate student (application is available online) The International Fellows Program offers unique opportunities inside and outside of the classroom to explore and engage important international issues of the 20th and 21st century. Focusing on world affairs through the lens of the U.S. has illuminated key interactions between major foreign policy players and offers an interesting vantage point through which to analyze international political developments. In addition to lively class readings, discussions, and debates, our recent meeting with permanent representatives from France, Singapore, Lebanon, and Gabon helped enrich the academic and practical study of diplomacy by providing a forum through which to better understand the issues critical to the US and the world according to these countries. On a personal level, gaining a more nuanced understanding of the day-to-day professional practice of international diplomacy is what drew me to apply to the International Fellows Program, and has been a focal pointand highlightof the yearlong course thus far. I am especially eager to participate in the IFP annual DC trip held at the end of the semester where the class will meet with prominent practitioners, academics, and legislators regarding our class subject matter.   -Testimonial by current SIPA student International Fellow, Jesse Corradi, MIA 2014

How Phospholipids Help Hold a Cell Together

Injuries From An Accident Happen All The Time And Can Happen

Injuries from an accident happen all the time and can happen to anyone. Questions arise from workplace accidents involving injuries. Number one issue in this incident is to determine could this accident/injury been prevented. A thorough analysis needs to be completed. John Craftsman, a company employee, has been severely injured on his hand when pushing a large piece of wood through a table saw in the production shop. Therefore, John claims that he followed the procedures when working, and the company is legible for his injuries. According to him, the machine had no guarantee of keeping the employee safe when working. As for the company’s shop manager, David Waffler, he claims that the machine was in a safe condition since he was not†¦show more content†¦Harry further claims that he saw John with his co-workers laughing and goofing which could have led to the accident. Therefore, the blame game between the employee, foreman and the manager tends to be the resultan t factor of this problem. Analysis of the Information For that reason, it would be appropriate if I could develop some vital questions that would support me in trying to analyze and address such an issue. First, should John claim that the company is liable for his injuries? If so what appropriate measures should he had taken? Also, if the company is responsible what should they do to John? On the other side what should be done to John if it is known that the business is not liable for the injuries? As the foreman stated that the machine was in a perfect condition who should be blamed if the machine was incapacitated. At the time of trying to analyze and scan the environment where one can source out relevant information regarding the conflict. I will be looking at the different evidence produced by the employee’s party and the company. For instance, on the employee side John claims that the business is liable for his injuries because the machine being used was not in a proper condition for their safety. He receives backup from one of his colleagues that they had informed Harry the shop foreman concerning the state of theShow MoreRelatedConstruction Site Accidents1084 Words   |  5 PagesCONSTRUCTION SITE ACCIDENTS PROPOSAL 1.0 INTRODUCTION The construction sector has been ranked as the industry with the highest number of occupational injuries that are both fatal and non fatal. When big construction jobs are initiated, such as building a new housing or shopping complexes, there is a great deal of movement going on in a small area. Cranes, trucks and diggers are all vying for space to complete their project in a timely manner. 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CASA Ethical Business Considerations Free Essays

Abstract This paper explores the mission and goals of CASE, a nonprofit organization which provides advocacy for children in court proceedings. CASES mission and goals will be explained and ethical considerations with regard to a nonprofits fundraising strategy will be discussed. An overview of the benefits received from technological advancements will be discussed and applied to CASES fundraising strategy. We will write a custom essay sample on CASA Ethical Business Considerations or any similar topic only for you Order Now CASE’ nonprofit status and Internal Revenue Code section 501 (sys applicability to COCA’S financial and budgetary operations will be addressed and analyzed. An evaluation of COCA’S budget process and revenue sources will be discussed, along with internal factors which may impact its successful strategic financial planning. COCA’S use of cost-benefit analysis will be discussed and the analysis will conclude with an overview of COCA’S cash management and investment strategies, and an assessment of COCA’S present overall condition. Keywords: CASE, mission statement, goals, ethical standards for nonprofits, fundraising, technological improvements, IRS section 501 (c) nonprofit status, annual Form 990 filing requirements, budget, revenue, strategic uncial planning, cost-benefit analysis, cash management, Investment strategies, financial assessment CASE for Children Mission and Goals of CASE CASE is a nationwide nonprofit organization that advocates in state and local courts for the best interests of abused and neglected children through the services of specially selected and trained community volunteers. These volunteers come from diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. The mission of the National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association (NCSA), together with its chartered state and local members, is to support and promote court appointed voluntary advocacy so hat every abused and neglected child can be safe, establish permanence and have the opportunity to thrive (Keeping our promise: National COCA’S strategic objectives). Every court In the united States recognizes that a CASE volunteer Is essential for a successful outcome for children . And [e]very child can thrive In the safe embrace of a loving family. † (Ibid. ). CASE trains and supports court approved volunteers to advocate for children who need representation in court proceedings in order to ensure that the best interest of these children are met quickly and efficiently. The ultimate goal of CASE is to make sure children affected by the court system secure a safe and permanent home. Ethical Considerations Related to Finance Budgeting Within CASE COCA’S receives funding through a variety of sources including grants, local governments, fundraising events, and corporate and private donations. Sometimes 0 good intentions get the best of even the best-intentioned, and all the assumptions about goodness make for some easy marks, In terms of fraud (Jennings, M. , 2012, p. 559). â€Å"There’s tremendous pressure on Charles today to Increase their revenues to meet expenses and growing public needs. Unfortunately, this can Influence some organizations to take financial risks because of potential rewards. † (Bennett M Bureaus, Ibid. ). Successful fundraising by regional CASE programs sponsored by the national organization is the primary source of its financial resources. Funding sources want assurance that they are being asked to support a carefully researched and well planned program that fills researched local community needs. Often with nonprofits, the problem is not fraud by the organization; it is fraud or misconduct or missteps within the organization Innings, 2012, p. 5). Whether because of inexperience, the need for flexibility in management, or, Just as with companies, the drive for success and results, there have been some ethical issues that have proven costly for nonprofit organizations (Ibid. ). Competition is stiff in raising funds for children’s programs like CASE and founders want to know that they are not throwing money away on a program that will fa il because of poor planning, lack of coordination or duplication of the efforts of other human service organizations. Technological Considerations for Improving the Efficiency Effectiveness CASE can provide efficient and effective services to children involved in the court system through improved technological fundraising and outreach processes which will increase the sustain the viability of its finance and budgeting systems. â€Å"Cloud computing, also known as the cloud,’ refers to applications, services, or software offered over the internet instead of requiring direct connections to a server. † (Boles, 2013, p. 70). Cloud technologies reduce the costs of services and the time it takes to communicate information among staff members, volunteers and donors via email and collaborative software (Ibid. The useful purpose of social media such as Faceable, Twitter, Linked, and Pinsetters will allow CASE to connect and interact with staffers, volunteers, donors, as well as affected children and their guardians (Ibid. ). Social media networks are increasingly important tools for nonprofits like CASE to raise awareness, conduct outreach and raise funds (Ibid. , up. 70, 71). Innovations such as cloud computing systems, social media and mobile technologies should be incorporated into COCA’S fundraising efforts in order to improve its quality of services and work processes. Applicable Laws, Regulations, Policies Impacting COCA’S Financial Budget Operations All state and local CASE organizations formed under the national CASE association must file for exemption status under section 501 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in order to receive tax-deductible charitable contributions and Form 990 annual tax returns of income and expenses even though they are exempt from income taxation under the Code (Internal Revenue Service, â€Å"Requirements for Exemption,† â€Å"Application for recognition of exemption,† â€Å"Exempt Organizations – Required Filings,† â€Å"Form 990 Resources,† and â€Å"Tools for Exempt Organizations†). Expected changes in auditing standards and Form 990 reporting for nonprofit organizations may require increased data gathering and raise the cost of audits. These changes are expected to have an impact on some CASE programs [and] National CASE recommends that member programs contact a tax professional or auditor for more information (whom. IRS. Org). Among these changes is the new Suite of Risk Assessment Audit Standards, CPA Statement on Auditing Standards Nose. National CASE regularly seeks ways to reduce costs for local chapters so that they can increase the number of children they serve and one of the areas CASE focuses n is insurance (NCSA). Pursuant to CASE standards, it is extremely important to have a well thought out risk management plan, including adequate insurance coverage to protect CASE staff, agency and the board (Ibid. ). Annual financial reviews are required of CASE programs with budgets of $50,000 or greater and annual audits are required for programs with budgets of over $200,000 (Ibid. . Searching for and purchasing cost-saving insurance coverage is an ongoing practice the CASE uses to keep expenses within its organization’s budget. COCA’S policy in contractual practices stresses that unwritten contracts must be in rating. â€Å"Putting an agreement in writing serves several goals. First a written contract provides an indisputable, although not necessarily unambiguous, record of the agreement. The law gives great weight to written, signed documents †¦ Second, the process of committing an agreement to writing forces both parties to be [clear] about the [terms] of the agreement. † (NCSA). Key elements for CASE service contracts terms should include scope of work, deadlines and duration, money, record keeping and reporting, rights to work products, liability protections, dispute resolution, legal implicate and contracting process (Ibid. ). COCA’S internal policy covering essential terms to be included in written contracts it enters into saves the organization costs that would otherwise be expended to enforce service agreements. Evaluation of COCA’S Budget Process Revenue Sources One of the great challenges facing CASE is to obtain the money required to launch the program and maintain its operations (NCSA). Who is going to pay for the CASE program implemented and used by the courts and the community leaders? (Ibid. ). COCA’S guidelines are found in its Manual, Section 1 – Planning a Quality Program, Chapter 6: Funding the Program, and includes how to develop the first budget, develop the right approach to fundraising, locating possible funding sources, locating federal funding, and locating National CASE resource development protocols (Ibid. . The first hurdle is to develop an expense budget by comparing what the actual costs of goods and services presently is for similar nonprofit organizations within in the chosen community the CASE chapter is to be located (Ibid). Budget expenses include personnel, equipment, volunteer support, facility, supplies, travel, telephone ND Internet servic e, administrative costs, staff training, and dues and publications (Ibid). After the type and amount of budget expenses are identified and estimated, an approach to fundraising must be established. Funding sources want assurance that they are being asked to support a carefully researched and well planned program that fits the community’s needs (NCSA). Keys to successful fundraising are to â€Å"know who you are asking, know what you are asking for, and ask and ask again. † (Ibid. ) Common funding sources are â€Å"in-kind contributions† in the form of support such as he court, community service organizations, state bar associations, and law firms (Ibid. ). Examples of federal funding are available in the form of grants authorized by Congress specifically for the expansion of CASE advocacy for abused and neglected children such as the National CASE Association of Grants Program, the Children’s Act (Ibid. ). As with all nonprofit organizations, CASE strives to obtain and sustain an optimal funding mix of public and private support to secure its future (Ibid. ). In today’s fragile economic climate, there is intense competition for both public and riveter funding support because of increased costs of doing business combined with recent curtailments in government funds. Therefore, to enhance its fundraising efforts, CASE uses several data collection surveys and evaluations to document and justify its performance. Internal Factors Impacting COCA’S Successful Strategic Financial Planning CASE has developed and implemented several internally generated data collection and evaluations of the quantity and quality of its services provided to children in order to assess its efforts and to ultimately improve its services (NCSA). COCA’S racketing and communications department collects, analyzes and publishes surveys such as yearly Recent Local Program Survey Reports, Performance Measurement, State Organization Survey Reports, and additional surveys such as Caliber Evaluation of CASE Representation Report, and Judges and Attorney Survey of Volunteer CASE/ GALS (Ibid. ). Another internal tool used by CASE is its CASE Effectiveness Manual (Manual) (Ibid. . The purpose of the Manual is to provide CASE programs with an easy to use system for tracking information necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of its state and local chapters’ programs (Ibid. â€Å"Emphasis is placed on how to write and measure goals related to child-outcomes. The Manual includes easy to follow definitions, instructions, tracking forms and sample surveys. † (Ibid. ). CASE utilizes a system of fund accounting which measures accountability instead of profitability with the purpose of stewardship of financial resources received and expended in compliance with certain legal requirements (NCSA). Financial reporting by CASE is directed at the public instead of investors and funds are established in order to ensure accountability and expenditure for designated purposes: restricted et assets versus unrestricted net assets (Ibid. ). Restricted assets can be classified as either temporary or permanently restricted assets (Ibid. ). A temporarily restricted net asset’s use is restricted by the donor until a future event occurs (for example, CASE may have received a grant which terms are restricted to hiring a new volunteer supervisor), while a permanently restricted net asset includes assets that are controlled by outside parties as opposed to COCA’S control over the asset (for example, property donated to CASE as long as it is used in accordance with COCA’S mission and goals (Ibid. . Unrestricted net assets are funds whose assets have no external restriction as to use or purpose and can be expended for any purpose as long as they are spent in accordance with COCA’S mission and goals (Ibid. ). These internal tools assist CASE in its fundraising success by Justifying its costs in return for its effective performance of children’s advocacy services. COCA’S Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis The National CASE Association surveys both the state organization and local programs to get an accurate reflection of the structure and operation of children advocacy programs across the country and, in 2013, the CASE network consisted of 51 organizations and local programs (The National CASE Association, 2013, p. 4). â€Å"The findings illustrated by these survey results are critically important to track the funding from diverse sources, and help The National CASE Association to better serve state and local organizations. (Ibid. ). Overview of COCA’S Cash Management and Investment Strategies As of December 31, 2013, COCA’S median total revenue was $134,790 and its median total expenses were $136,570 (â€Å"Annual Local Program Survey Report†, 2013, p. 11). The Annual Local Program Survey Report does not address COCA’S short and long term investment strategies. In total, CASE programs nationwide reported more tha n $300 million in revenue, more than half of which were received from public sources (Ibid. ). The median revenue and expenses of CASE tended to be fairly equal for the year ending 2013, with the median cost per volunteer being $3,170 and the median cost per child being $1 ,090 (Ibid. ). COCA’S expenses did not vary significantly from 2012 depending on the area served or the age of the program (Ibid. ). In 2013, over 80 percent of COCA’S programs reported a change in revenue with changes being fairly consistent across programs serving urban, rural and suburban mixed areas (Ibid. 13). Compared to COCA’S 2012 revenue, 34 percent of its programs reported a decrease in revenue, 49 percent reported an increase in revenue, and 17 percent of its programs reported no change in revenue (Ibid. P. 13). CASE experienced an increase of children served from 234,098 in 2012 to 238,527 in 2013, while at the same time seeing its number of volunteers fall below 2011 and 2012 levels, from over 77,000 to less than 75,000 (Ibid. ). The decrease in COCA’S volunteer staff is problematic in that CASE can anticipate not being able to provide the quantity and quality of services in order to accomplish its mission and goals. Assessment of COCA’S Overall Financial Condition Despite a 34 percent decrease in program revenues in 2013, CASE remains to have short term cash liquidity from the 49 percent reported increase in other programs’ revenue, and a status quo of 17 percent of its programs who reported no change in revenue. CASE also appears to have the capacity to generate adequate revenues over sass’s fiscal year budgetary period in order to satisfy expenditures without incurring a deficit. COCA’S service level has declined to a capacity that does not provide the laity and quantity of services rendered in years ending 2011 and 2012 due to the decrease in the number of its volunteers by 2,000. COCA’S Annual Local Program Survey Report 2013 does not address its short and long term investment strategy or outcome for the year ending 2013. The decrease in COCA’S volunteer staff is resulting adversely on the quantity and quality of its mission and goals. CASE should reallocate its short term fundraising resources into its long term efforts toward volunteer recruiting and training programs. This adjustment in short term goal funding will promote and advance the umber of volunteers required to sustain the longevity of the service provided by CASE 2011 and 2012. References Boles, B. (2013). Technology role in the nonprofit sector: increasing organizational effectiveness and efficiency through technology innovations. How to cite CASA Ethical Business Considerations, Papers

Introductory Sociology Social Class

Question: Discuss about the Introductory Sociology for Social Class? Answer: The society has been divided into several classes according to the occupation, economic status, standard of thinking and education of the people from the very beginning. In this essay the social class system, the factors of this classification, its impact on different social aspects and health condition of the people belonging to each class has been discussed. Social classes refer to a set of concepts in the political theories and social sciences in which people can be categorized into several hierarchical social groups. When a group of people occupy a similar position in the society in terms of status, wealth and influence, they fall under the same social class. According to the Marxist theory a class is a combination of subjective and objective similarities among a group of people that is they have a common perception, relationship and a common interest (Pintelon et al., 2013). The social class is categorized based on some factors and they are: Income, power, health and nutrition, wealth, education, occupation, ethnicity and race. These dimensions of social class are inter-related and play important role in understanding the society (Weis Dolby, 2012). Income is the earning of a person from investments or work and all the assets owned by an individual, such as cash, saving accounts, stocks, real estate etc. are referred as wealth. Income is dependent on the occupation, and depending on the income and wealth the style of living, health, nutrition, education etc (Kraus et al., 2011). differs between the social classes. With respect to these factors the society is mainly divided into four categories (Figure 1) that are: The upper class The middle class The working class The lower class The upper class: This class is again divided into two groups, one is upper-upper class and another is lower-upper class. The lower-upper class Re those upper class people who make money from business venture, investment etc. and the upper-upper class implies to those aristocrat high class groups of people who have maintained a status for generations and are wealthy by birth (Shaeff, 2005). Some another important examples of lower middle class people are Professional actors athletes and successful entrepreneurs. However both of these groups have a huge amount of money that is a lot more than they could spend and that is why they have much leisure time to cultivate their interests and hobbies. This particular class of people lives a luxurious life and nourishes their culture. They hold an influence and power both nationally and universally (Pintelon et al., 2013). The middle class: The middle class is the next step down in the social class system and is also called sandwich class. They are again divided into two sub classes based on their education, prestige and wealth (Grossmann Varnum, 2010). Lower middle class people are comparatively less educated with an income equal to the national average, such as small business owners, managers, secretaries etc. and the upper middle class includes the highly educated professional and business people with a slightly higher income than the national average, such as lawyers, CEOs, and doctors. The largest amount of upward, downward or horizontal social mobility occurs at this level (Weis Dolby, 2012). The working class: The people who belong to this class have a little education. They are commonly engaged as manual labor with a little or no social status and have an income slightly lesser than the average national pay scale. This group includes people like plumber, carpenter, electricians, cashiers, factory workers (Bilton, 2012). They do not have much scope of the development of their career. Another difference of working class and middle class is in their behavior, values, living standard, lifestyle, culture and sometimes this people have to put themselves into risk while working. Most of the people of any society belong to this class (Wilkinson Pickett, 2010). The Lower class: The lower class is the working poor category having a minimum or no educational qualification. They generally work at a minimum wage and are very often employed as part time workers. This group of people often suffers from poverty, unemployment, homelessness, lack of health, nutrition and hygiene. Lower class people maintain a minimum level of social or cultural status (Shah, 2010). Figure 1: Social Class (Source: Stephen et al., 2012) Class is an important factor in understanding of any society and analyzing various factors related to it. By analyzing the social class and the people belonging in each of the classes, the socio-economic condition of the society can be understood (Stephens et al., 2014). The social classes reflect many sociological contexts such as economy, political system, style of leaving, health, education, etc (Naidoo Wills, 2008). there are several theoretical models related to the social classes proposed by sociologists and philosopher, which gives a clear idea of social classification helps to understand and demonstrate the society and the societal factors (Pintelon et al., 2013). According to Marx, the war between the classes that control the production and those who produce the products or serves the society that is the conflict between the capitalists and the wage-workers is the history of all the civilized societies. He claims that, the capitalists accumulate the wealth to such a point that they acquire enough power to dominate the other classes of society. He blames the lower class people for such discrimination as the lower class people are in a mass amount, they can easily overthrow the capitalists and bring equality to the society (Kraus et al., 2011). Another theory is formulated by Max Weber and it states that, the education and skills of a person determines his or her class or position in the society. He noted that many aristocrat families lacked economically but had enough political power however some wealthy families were deficient in power and prestige (Giddens, 2013). Observing all these factors he stated his new theory where there were three factors. The three key factors of the Weberian theory are; the economic position in society that is class, self esteem and social honor that is status and the capability to get their way in spite of others resistance that is power (Wilkinson Pickett, 2010). The social class of a person has significant effect on his or her physical health, ability of affording the medical facilities and nutrition. It has been noticed that the lower class people often experience several of issues related to health. The primary factor that leads them to this problem is their economic status (Davey, Gray Seale, 2001). Very often they are unable to utilize the healthcare facilities that the other classes can afford easily, however generally the people of this class tend to have an increased rate of health related problems. The poor class often suffers from malnutrition and due to a lack of place for living they have to survive in a congested and unhygienic environment (Stephens et al., 2012). For the above mentioned reasons the lower class families face a higher rate of infant mortality, cardiovascular problems, infections, cancer etc. Additionally, sometimes this class of people have to work in a much more hazardous condition and yet they are provided with very less or no health insurance (Shah, 2010). The working class and a few middle class people can afford the primary healthcare facilities and have a much better health conditions compared to the poor class people. However, in the case of some critical diseases or surgical cases such as cancer, renal failure, brain surgery, heart surgery they face much difficulty to afford the services (Davey, Gray Seale, 2001). They generally do not suffer from any problem related to health and hygiene and a number of health insurance are available to them. The healthcare services are quite easily available for the people of the middle class. And the upper class can very easily afford any healthcare services. And in their luxurious daily life they have the chance to spend money and time to take care of their health (Leinonen et al., 2011). From this essay it can be concluded that the social class system has a profound impact on the history of the society as well as on the modern society. The different aspects of the society such as education, health, family-life, political participation religious and spiritual affiliation vary with the persons belonging with each hierarchy of social class system. The social class varies with the different regions of a country, that is, the upper class people of a society may be considered upper middle class in another society depending on the overall standard of that particular society. The overall standard and condition of a society is greatly influenced by its social class. References: Bilton, T. (2012).Introductory Sociology(4th ed.). Davey, B., Gray, A., Seale, C. (2001).Health and disease. Buckingham, England: Open University Press. Giddens, A. 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